(a)   The purpose of off-street parking and loading standards is to provide:

(1)   Regulations and guidance regarding off-street parking and loading;

(2)   Regulations to assist with satisfying the goals of the Oahu general plan, development plans, sustainable communities plans, neighborhood transit-oriented development plans, Oahu resilience strategy, and other adopted city plans and policies; and

(3)   Regulations to create opportunities to reduce housing and development costs and support multimodal communities.

(b)   The intent of parking and loading standards is to:

(1)   Ensure the provision of sufficient off-street parking and loading spaces in lots and structures that contribute to attractive, environmentally sound, and pedestrian-friendly streetscapes;

(2)   Provide mechanisms and incentives to encourage the development of a more sustainable and multimodal transportation network, and encourage the use of transportation options to reduce congestion, improve pedestrian safety, and enhance the quality of the environment; and

(3)   Provide reasonable flexibility to ensure that environmental, economic, and technical concerns are given appropriate consideration in decision-making.

(c)   Off-street parking and loading spaces must be provided as required by this article.

(d)   Unless otherwise specified in this article, the term "parking spaces" refers to motor vehicle parking spaces, and the term "vehicle" refers to motor vehicles.

(a)   Determining if parking is required, and the appropriate parking ratio. No off-street parking is required in the Primary Urban Center Development Plan area and Ewa Development Plan area, except for those areas thereof located in the residential, agricultural, and preservation zoning districts. Additionally, no off-street parking is required in any zoning district within 0.5 miles of an existing or future Honolulu rail transit station, as identified in the accepted environmental impact statement, or in the transit-oriented development special districts. The minimum off-street parking ratios shown below in Table 21-6.1 apply to all other areas not identified in this subsection. In areas where no parking is required, any parking that is provided must meet the design, dimensions, and other standards set forth in this chapter.

(1)   When computation of the total required parking spaces for a zoning lot results in a number with a fraction of 0.5 or greater, the number of required parking spaces will be the next highest whole number.

(2)   When a building or premises includes uses incidental or accessory to a principal use, the total number of required parking spaces will be determined on the basis of the parking requirements of the principal use. Floor area that may be eliminated for purposes of calculating parking requirements includes:

(A)   Common areas and accessory recreation areas in multi-unit dwellings, lodging, small or large group living, and consulates;

(B)   Accessory areas in assembly, education, government, or other similar uses, except all classrooms, offices, and gallery space;

(C)   Stairwells and ancillary spaces, when directly and exclusively used for mechanical spaces and not actively used by employees. Mechanical car-wash areas are included in this exemption; and

(D)   Other areas that do not induce a parking demand, as determined by the director.

(b)   For accessory dwelling units, except for accessory dwelling units located within 0.5 miles of a rail station, one off-street parking space must be provided in addition to the required off-street parking for the primary dwelling unit. For accessory dwelling units located on zoning lots within the Primary Urban Center development plan area or the Ewa development plan area, the off-street parking space requirement is waived if the zoning lot developed with an accessory dwelling unit is located within 800 feet of a city bus stop; provided that this waiver does not apply if an off-street parking waiver has already been applied to an ohana unit located on the same zoning lot.

(c)   For bed and breakfast homes in areas where parking is required for the dwelling, one off-street parking space for each guest bedroom is required in addition to the required off-street parking for the dwelling.

(1)   Home occupations that involve client visits must provide one off-street parking space for every four clients that may be on the property at any given time in addition to the parking spaces required the dwelling use. This requirement will be calculated as requiring one off-street parking for the first four clients and one additional off-street parking for every fractional increment up to four thereafter.

(2)   Home occupations that involve employees must provide one off-street parking space for the one onsite employee that may be on the property at any given time.

(3)   Residents of multi-unit dwellings may fulfill their parking requirement using guest parking if allowed by the rules and regulations for the multi-unit dwelling.

(4)   Commercial vehicles associated with the home occupation (other than occasional, infrequent, and momentary parking of a vehicle for pickups and deliveries as a service to the home occupation) may not park on the street.

(e)   In connection with planned development projects, cluster housing, conditional use permits, existing use permits, and within special districts, the director may impose special parking and loading requirements.

(f)   Except for multi-unit dwellings and lodging, all buildings and uses that are located within the boundaries of any improvement district for public off-street parking, and that have been assessed their share of the cost of the improvement district, are exempt from the off-street parking requirements of this chapter.

(A)   A written agreement with the provider of the bicycle sharing service, including the number and a written description of the location of shared bicycles;

(B)   A floor plan or site plan of the area clearly identifying the location of the shared bicycles;

(C)   The property owner and provider's contact information, including street address; and

(D)   Any other pertinent information as determined by the director.

(A)   A written agreement with the car-sharing organization that must include the number of shared car parking spaces and a description of the location of the shared car parking spaces;

(B)   A floor plan or site plan of the parking area clearly identifying the location of the shared car parking spaces;

(C)   The property owner and provider's contact information, including street address; and

(D)   Any other pertinent information as required by the director.

(i)   No additional off-street parking spaces are required for nonconforming zoning lots beyond parking spaces existing on December 23, 2020. Any parking spaces provided on nonconforming zoning lots are subject to the parking space standards in this chapter.

(j)   The following sections may have additional requirements or opportunities not set forth in this article:

(1)   Section 21-2.140-1(a), relating to conditions that allow for carports and garages to encroach into front and side yards;

(2)   Section 21-2.140-1(h), relating to issues that may affect the required number of parking spaces when changing uses within a previously developed lot or parcel;

(3)   Section 21-2.140-1(o), relating to situations in which converted accessory structures may be exempted from off-street parking requirements; and

(4)   Section 21-5.50-3(c), relating to home occupations.

(k)   Excluding zoning lots in the preservation, agricultural, country, and residential zoning districts, off-street parking spaces will not be required for additional floor area up to 15,000 square feet per zoning lot; provided that application of this subsection may only be used once on the same zoning lot.

(l)   For mobile commercial establishments, when three or more mobile commercial establishments operate on one zoning lot, a minimum of five parking spaces per mobile commercial establishment is required.

(m)   For ohana units, the off-street parking space requirements are the same as required for the primary dwelling unit, which are in addition to the required off-street parking for the primary dwelling unit. For ohana units that are 1,000 square feet or less in size and are located on zoning lots within the Primary Urban Center development plan area or the Ewa development plan area, the off-street parking space requirement is waived if the zoning lot developed with an ohana unit is located within 800 feet of a city bus stop; provided that this waiver does not apply if an off-street parking waiver has already been applied to an accessory dwelling unit located on the same zoning lot.

(a)   Parking for bicycles is required in the apartment, apartment mixed use, business, business mixed use, and resort districts, and in all precincts of the Waikiki special district.

(1)   Each bicycle parking space must be a minimum of 2 feet in width, 6 feet in length, and must be accessible without moving another bicycle. Vertical or stacked spaces that meet the dimension, security, and accessibility requirements above are permitted, and the depth and height of these spaces must be a minimum of 4 feet. All types of bicycle parking spaces must be clear of walls, poles, landscaping (other than ground cover), street furniture, drive aisles, pedestrian ways, and vehicle parking spaces for at least 5 feet from the edge of the bicycle parking space on the side that the bicyclist accesses the bicycle parking area.

(2)   Short-term bicycle parking spaces must be located as close as practicable to the entrances of the principal uses on a lot so they are highly visible and easily identifiable. Section 21-4.110(e), relating to nonconforming parking and loading, does not apply to short-term bicycle parking spaces.

(3)   Bicycle parking spaces, including those with fixed racks for parking and locking, are allowed within front yards pursuant to § 21-4.30(a)(7).

(4)   Long-term bicycle parking must be provided in the form of enclosed bicycle lockers or easily accessible, secure, and covered bicycle storage. Section 21-4.110(e), relating to nonconforming parking and loading, does not apply to long-term bicycle parking spaces.

(5)   Bicycle parking spaces within enclosed parking structures must be located as close as practicable to an entrance of the parking structure so they are visible from the street or sidewalk. Where the bicycle parking spaces are not visible from the front entrance, signage indicating the location of the bicycle parking spaces is required.

(6)   To accommodate technological advances, at the request of an applicant, size, accessibility, and other requirements may be modified at the discretion of the director.

(e)   Excluding zoning lots in the preservation, agricultural, country, and residential zoning districts, short-term and long-term bicycle parking spaces will not be required for additional floor area up to 15,000 square feet per zoning lot; provided that application of this subsection may only be used once on the same zoning lot.

(7)   Ingress and egress aisles must be provided to a street and between parking bays. Driveways leading into a parking area must be a minimum of 12 feet in width, except that driveways for single-unit, two-unit, or duplex-unit dwellings, and internal one-way driveways connecting parking aisles must be a minimum of 10 feet in width.

(1)   All parking spaces must be unobstructed; provided that structural support columns may extend a maximum of 6 inches into the sides of the parking space. A wall is not considered a structural support column.

(2)   Where five or more parking spaces are provided, the spaces or area must be designed or arranged in a manner so that no maneuvering into or from any street, alley, or walkway is necessary in order for a vehicle to enter or leave a space, and that allows all vehicles to enter the street in a forward manner. Parking spaces must be individually marked. Compact spaces must be labeled "compact only."

(3)   All parking spaces must be arranged so that any motor vehicle may be moved without moving another motor vehicle; provided that tandem parking is permissible in any of the following instances:

(A)   Where two or more parking spaces are assigned to a single dwelling unit, or a parking space is assigned to an accessory dwelling unit;

(B)   Where the parking spaces are used as employee parking; provided that the number of parking spaces allocated for employees must not exceed 25 percent of the total number of provided parking spaces, and employee tandem parking is limited to a configuration where only one vehicle must be moved to provide access to another vehicle;

(C)   Where all parking is performed by an attendant at all times, and vehicles may be moved within the lot without entering any street, alley, or walkway; or

(D)   For public assembly facilities and temporary events, where user arrivals and departures are simultaneous, and parking is attendant directed.

(a)   Equipment mounted on pedestals, lighting posts, bollards, or other devices at electric vehicle charging stations must be designed and located so as to not impede pedestrian, bicycle, or wheelchair movement, or create safety hazards.

(b)   Existing standard-sized parking spaces constructed prior to December 23, 2020 may be reduced in size to that of a compact space, if necessary, to accommodate electric vehicle charging equipment.

(a)   Required parking spaces, loading spaces, or bicycle parking spaces may be located off the premises as remote parking and loading facilities, in compliance with § 21-2.90 relating to conditional uses. Remote parking and loading may be used in conjunction with the joint use of parking and loading.

(b)   The distance between the entrance to the parking facility and nearest principal entrance of the establishment must not exceed 2,640 feet (a half-mile) using customary pedestrian routes. Remote loading facilities must not be separated from the establishment requiring the loading by a street, and must be connected by an improved pedestrian path or sidewalk. The distance between remote bicycle parking and the nearest principal pedestrian entrance of the establishment requiring the bicycle parking must not exceed 400 feet by customary pedestrian routes.

(c)   When the remote parking or loading is necessary to meet minimum parking requirements, a written instrument must be recorded in the State bureau of conveyances, or the office of the assistant registrar of the land court of the State of Hawaii, or both, as appropriate, for both the zoning lot containing the principal structure or use and the remote parking lot or structure. The agreement must assure the continued availability of the number of required remote parking spaces being provided. The agreement must stipulate that if a required parking space is not maintained, or a parking space acceptable to the director is not substituted, the use or the portion of the use that is deficient in the number of required parking spaces must be discontinued. The agreement will be subject to the approval of the department of the corporation counsel as to form and legality.

(1)   Surface parking, except that in the residential and country districts, must be set back a minimum of 5 feet from all side and rear property lines that adjoin lots in the country, residential, apartment, or apartment mixed use zoning districts.

(2)   Parking and loading are not permitted in any required yards, except as follows:

(A)   In the country, agricultural, and residential districts, parking and loading may encroach into the required yards;

(B)   For lots that are split zoned and have nonresidential parking, the parking and loading spaces may encroach entirely into the side yard created by the zoning boundary that splits the lot.

(1)   Surface parking lots of five or more parking spaces must provide a minimum 5-foot landscape strip adjacent to any adjoining street right-of-way. If wheel stops are provided, parking spaces may overhang the 5-foot landscape strip (but not the required yard) by 3 feet (see Figure 21-6.2); provided that hedges and other landscape elements, including planter boxes over 6 inches in height, are not permitted within the overhang space. This 5-foot strip must contain a continuous screening hedge a minimum of 36 inches in height with plantings a maximum of 18 inches on center. A minimum 36 inch high wall or fence may be placed outside the yard in lieu of a hedge. If a wall or solid fence is erected, either a vine or shrub must be planted at the base of the wall or solid fence on the side fronting the property line. One canopy form tree, a minimum of 2-inch caliper, must be planted in the landscape strip for each 50 feet or major fraction of adjacent lineal street frontage.

(2)   To provide shade in surface parking lots and minimize visibility of paved surfaces, parking lots with more than 10 parking spaces must provide one canopy form tree, a minimum of 2-inch caliper, for every 6 parking spaces or major fraction thereof, or one canopy form tree of 6-inch caliper or more for every 12 parking spaces or major fraction thereof (see Figure 21-6.1). Each tree must be located in a planting area or tree well a minimum of 9 square feet in area. The minimum width of an area for a tree is 3 feet. If wheel stops are provided, continuous planting areas with low ground cover, and tree wells with trees centered at the corner of parking spaces may be located within the 3-foot overhang space of parking spaces (see Figure 21-6.2). Hedges and other landscape elements, including planter boxes over 6 inches in height, are not permitted within the overhang space of the parking spaces. Trees must be sited so as to evenly distribute shade throughout the parking lot. As an alternative to the above described planter areas for trees, a tree box specifically designed to treat stormwater runoff may be used on a one-for-one basis in place of the landscaped area. Tree boxes must be approved for compliance with the rules related to stormwater quality.

(3)   All service areas and loading spaces must be screened from adjoining lots in the country, residential, apartment, and apartment mixed use districts by a wall 6 feet in height.

(4)   All plant material and landscaping must be provided with a permanent irrigation system.

(1)   All mechanical equipment on or in structured parking that is visible from a street, right-of-way, or public park, including but not limited to electrical panels, transformers, telecommunication distribution boxes, and backflow preventers must be screened from view. Mechanical equipment necessary for emergency responders, such as fire prevention standpipes, need not be screened.

(2)   Mechanical parking systems are permitted in parking structures.

(3)   Illuminated parking areas within the structure and on the roof must be designed or shielded to prevent any direct illumination toward any other zoning lot or street.

(1)   An 18-inch landscaping strip along the abutting property line must be provided, and consist of landscaping a minimum of 42 inches in height; provided that a solid wall 42 inches in height may be substituted for this requirement; and

(2)   A minimum 2-inch caliper vertical-form tree must be planted for every 50 linear feet of structured parking building length facing a required yard.

(1)   If a building is used for more than one use, and the floor area for each use is less than the minimum floor area that would require a loading space, and the aggregate floor area of the several uses exceeds the minimum floor area of the use category requiring the greatest number of loading spaces, a minimum of one loading space is required.

(2)   Basements devoted to a use having a loading requirement count towards the total floor area for calculating loading requirements.

(3)   When computation of the total required loading spaces for a zoning lot results in a number with a fraction of 0.5 or greater, the number of required loading spaces will be the next highest whole number.

(d)   Excluding zoning lots in the preservation, agricultural, country, and residential zoning districts, off-street loading spaces will not be required for additional floor area up to 15,000 square feet per zoning lot; provided that application of this subsection may only be used once on the same zoning lot.

(1)   When only one loading space is required, the minimum horizontal dimensions of the space are 19 feet in length and 8 feet 6 inches in width, with a minimum vertical clearance of 10 feet.

(2)   When more than one loading space is required, the minimum horizontal dimensions for one-third of the required spaces are 35 feet in length and 12 feet in width, with a minimum vertical clearance of 14 feet. For the remaining required loading spaces, the minimum horizontal dimensions are 19 feet in length and 8 feet 6 inches in width, with a minimum vertical clearance of 10 feet. When computation of the total required loading spaces with the dimensions 35 feet in length by 12 feet in width results in a number with a fraction of one-half or greater, the number of required loading spaces will be the next highest whole number.

(3)   Access to loading spaces must have the same minimum vertical clearance as required for the loading spaces.

(1)   If loading space areas are illuminated, all sources of illumination must be designed or shielded to prevent any direct illumination toward any zoning lot or street.

(2)   Each required loading space must be identified and must be reserved for loading purposes.

(3)   All loading spaces and maneuvering areas must be maintained with an all-weather surface.

(4)   Loading spaces or maneuvering areas are not permitted in any required yard, except in the preservation, agricultural, and country districts. For lots that are split zoned and have nonresidential loading, the loading spaces may encroach entirely into the side yard created by the zoning boundary that splits the lot.

(5)   The width of loading bays entering buildings must not exceed 25 feet when facing streets, except in the agricultural, country, and industrial districts.

(6)   Vehicular access to loading areas should be located where it is least likely to impede pedestrian circulation.

(a)   Except in the preservation, agricultural, country, and industrial districts, each zoning lot that is required to have at least two loading spaces must provide one of the following or a combination thereof:

(1)   A driveway sized to accommodate at least two vehicles designed for pickup and drop-off of passengers and deliveries; or

(2)   One dedicated short-term, standard sized, parking space (ten-minute maximum parking period) for every required loading space for the pickup and drop off of passengers and deliveries. The parking space is subject to all parking setback requirements, and must be located near the entrance to the parking area and accessible to drivers or operators of delivery vehicles. The parking spaces required under this subdivision may count toward the minimum parking requirement.