In all districts except a "C-3" Central Business District in connection with every use, sufficient off-street parking spaces shall be provided to accomplish the principles set forth in this Chapter and to meet the parking demands generated by residents, employees, company officials, company vehicles and customers. Required parking spaces shall be located on the lot on which the principal use is located except as provided in this Section.

Each application for a building permit, site plan or variance shall include plans for at least the minimum number of parking spaces as herein required. Plans shall include information as to location and dimensions of off-street parking spaces and the means of access to the spaces. The Building Inspector shall not approve any application until he/she determines that the requirements of this Section are met in the plans.

Each parking space shall be sized according to the standards contained herein exclusive of access and circulation aisles. Areas normally used for drive-in customer service such as drive-in windows and gas pump service areas shall not be counted as required parking spaces.

If the off-street parking space required by this Chapter cannot reasonably be provided on the lot on which the principal use is located, such space may be provided on any land within four hundred (400) feet of the principal building or use. The principal use shall be permitted to continue only as long as its parking requirements are met.

The minimum number of required spaces shall be determined by the following criteria: (In addition, a developer shall evaluate his/her own needs to determine if they are greater than the minimum specified in this Chapter.)

Where fractional spaces result, the parking spaces required shall be construed to be the nearest whole number.

The parking space requirement for a use not specifically mentioned herein shall be the same as required for a use of similar nature as determined by the Planning and Zoning Commission.

Whenever a building or use constructed or established after the effective date of this Chapter is changed or enlarged in floor area, number of employees, number of dwelling units, seating capacity or otherwise to create a need for an increase of ten percent (10%) or more in the number of existing parking spaces, such spaces shall be provided on the basis of the enlargement or change. Whenever a building or use existing prior to the effective date of this Chapter is enlarged to the extent of fifty percent (50%) or more in floor area or in the area used, said building or use shall then and thereafter comply with the parking requirements set forth herein.

In the case of mixed or joint uses, the parking spaces required shall equal the sum of the requirements of the various uses computed separately.

In "R-1A", "R-lb", "R-lc" and "R-2" zoning districts, required off-street parking spaces may be provided by an attached garage, carport or open parking area. An open parking area and/or a detached parking structure (i.e. carport, portable garages, parking shelters, etc.) may not be located in the required front yard of any residential lot. One (1) off-street parking space may be provided by a driveway, but only if that driveway accesses a parking structure or parking area in compliance with other requirements of this Section.

All parking spaces required herein shall be located on the same lot with the building or use served, except that where an increase in the number of spaces is required by a change or enlargement of use or where such spaces are provided collectively or used jointly by two (2) or more buildings or establishments, the required spaces may be located and maintained not to exceed four hundred (400) feet from any non-residential building served.

Parking lots and walkways shall be illuminated to provide for the safe use therefor; lighting studies shall be provided, as needed, to provide evidence of adequate lighting. Exterior lighting shall be provided throughout the development to promote general security.

All lighting in non-residential zoning districts shall be designed so that the light from such facilities does not reflect directly or spill over onto residentially zoned or used property.

Lighting from non-residential development shall not cause glare on adjacent roadways or in any way cause hazardous conditions.

Lighting arrangements shall be as approved by the City Engineer or an authorized representative.

All off-street parking facilities, with the exception of single-family detached dwelling or a two-family dwelling, shall be screened and landscaped in accordance with the following design standards.

"Floor area" is the sum of the gross horizontal areas of the several floors of a building or structure measured from the interior faces of the interior walls or from the interior line of walls separating two (2) buildings or structures, including the following:

All off-street parking shall be properly marked by durable paint in stripes a minimum of four (4) inches wide which extend the length of the parking space.

Double striping may be approved by the Administrative Officer.

In the case of double striping, the distance between the two (2) stripes comprising the double striping shall be twelve (12) inches from the center to center. The vehicular space width of nine (9) feet or twelve (12) feet for handicapped spaces shall be measured between the midpoint of each double striped pair.

All ground surface off-street drive aisles and parking shall be constructed to City of New Haven standards. Said drive aisles and parking shall be maintained in a clean, orderly and dust-free condition.

Approved construction materials shall include concrete, asphalt, brick/stone road pavers or other materials of equal quality as approved by the City Engineer.

The parking and loading areas shall be provided with adequate stormwater drainage to prevent damage or inconvenience to abutting property and/or public streets.

Adequate curbing shall be provided as required on the site plan. Concrete curbing shall be required unless waived by the City Engineer.

Upon the effective date of this Subsection (March 11, 2013), construction of new driveways and other off-street parking areas in "R" zoning districts shall be of hard surface material, to include concrete, asphalt, brick/stone road pavers or other materials of equal quality as approved by the Administrative Officer. Gravel and other rock surfacing shall not be permitted.

Off-street parking spaces shall be designed and sized to accommodate standard sized automobiles in accordance with standards contained herein.

Every building or part thereof erected or occupied for retail business, service, manufacturing, storage, warehousing, hotel, mortuary or any other use similarly involving the receipt or distribution by vehicles or materials or merchandise shall provide and maintain on the site premises off-street loading space in accordance with the following requirements:

For special uses and uses other than specified in this Article, loading spaces adequate in number and size to serve such use shall be determined upon review by the Planning and Zoning Commission. In any case, the Commission, upon recommendation by the City Engineer, may eliminate or reduce the full provision of loading facilities where application of said provision is either impractical under certain conditions or unnecessary due to the nature of such uses.

A certificate of occupancy shall be required for residential, commercial, miscellaneous and industrial uses whenever there is a change in ownership, occupancy, use or when a structural addition, alteration or renovation is made.