Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code, the following provisions shall apply to residential dwellings in the city:

(1)

Minimum heated floor area. Residential dwellings within the city shall be required to have the following minimum heated floor area per dwelling unit, measured in square feet, as follows:

a.

R-1 residential district. Eight hundred fifty square feet for single-family detached residences; 500 square feet per residence for nonsingle-family residences;

b.

R-2 residential district. Eight hundred fifty square feet for single-family detached residences; 450 square feet per residence for nonsingle-family residences;

c.

R-3 and R-3A residential district. Eight hundred fifty square feet for single-family detached residences; 450 square feet per residence for nonsingle-family residences;

d.

R-4 MH residential district. Four hundred fifty square feet per residence.

(2)

Minimum frontage and depth. Any structure constructed in a R-1, R-2, R-3 or R-3A residential district shall have a minimum frontage of not less than 24 linear feet and a minimum depth front building line to rear building line of not less than 24 feet.

(3)

Number of doors. All single-family, detached dwellings, in any residential district, shall be required to have at least two doors that provide ingress and egress into and outside the residential dwelling.

(4)

Applicability to all types. The provisions of this section shall apply to all types of residential dwellings, regardless of the manner or method of construction thereof.

(5)

Applicability to construction. The provisions of this section shall be applicable to any construction of residential dwellings on any lot or lots upon which no such structure exists as of the effective date of the ordinance from which this section is derived. With respect to lots upon which there are located residential dwellings on September 1, 1994, in the event that such residential dwelling is completely or partially destroyed, or is otherwise required to be rebuilt, then, at a minimum, the owner shall be authorized to rebuild the same size residential dwelling, as to square footage that was formerly located on the lot as of September 1, 1994, or to rebuild in accord with the square footage requirements set out in subsection (1) of this section, whichever square footage is lesser.

(6)

Cluster housing development.

a.

Permitted uses. The following uses are permitted in cluster housing developments:

1.

Single-family residence cluster housing.

2.

Accessory buildings.

b.

Density standards. The cluster housing development shall not be less than the following:

c.

Common areas.

1.

A cluster housing development allows individual lot areas which may have less than the minimum lot area for dwelling units required in the zoning district from which the cluster housing development was created; provided, however, the land area at least equal to the reduction in each individual lot area shall be placed in usable common areas.

2.

The land in streets, common off-street parking areas, and storm drainage detention facilities shall not be included as part of the usable common area requirement. However, full credit for lot reduction shall be allowed for usable detention facilities.

3.

The plan for cluster housing development shall provide for ownership, maintenance and control of common areas.

4.

The usable common area shall be fully credited to calculations of density.

d.

Minimum design and development criteria.

1.

Minimum cluster housing development site shall be 1 3/4 acres.

2.

Buildings shall set back 25 feet from any street right-of-way.

3.

Within a cluster housing development, the rear of a cluster housing dwelling unit will have no setback requirement and the sides of a cluster housing dwelling unit will have no setback requirement for one side only; provided, however, that every cluster housing dwelling unit shall have at least one side with a setback of at least 15 feet from another cluster housing dwelling unit. In addition, a cluster housing dwelling unit shall have a side setback of at least 15 feet and a rear setback of at least 40 feet from the property line of any adjacent property that is not developed as a part of the cluster development.

4.

Maximum building height shall be 35 feet.

5.

No more than 60 percent of the gross land area may be covered by impermeable surfaces including, but not limited to, buildings, off-street parking and drives, tennis courts, and the like, nor by swimming pools and drainage facilities. On the remaining 40 percent of the gross land area, permeable surfaces may be contained within either individual building lots or common areas or within a combination of the two areas. Usable detention facilities may be used to help achieve the 40 percent permeable surface requirement:

6.

Usable detention facilities shall comply with the following criteria:

i.

The maximum depth of the detention facility shall not exceed 2 1/2 feet below the existing ground elevation measured beneath the rim of the depression.

ii.

The detention facility shall be designed and constructed to drain completely after each rain event.

iii.

The detention facility shall be designed and constructed with a minimum ratio of 3:1 side slopes.

iv.

The detention facility shall be grassed or sodded.

7.

To preserve the integrity of the surrounding area, the planning commission may require certain screening buffers as part of the new development.

8.

All cluster housing developments shall be designed so that no separate dwelling unit will be constructed on top of another separate dwelling unit.

9.

In a R-1 zoning classification, there shall be a minimum lot width of 50 feet as measured at the building line and a minimum dwelling size of 1,500 square feet. As to cluster housing located in a R-2 zoning classification, there shall be a minimum lot width of 45 feet as measured at the building line and a minimum dwelling size of 1,200 square feet.

e.

Review criteria. In reviewing a cluster housing development site plan, the city staff and the planning commission shall consider the following criteria to the extent relevant in each case, in evaluating the merits and purposes of a cluster plan. Individual lots, buildings, streets and parking areas should be designed and situated to:

1.

Minimize alteration of the natural features and topography.

2.

Minimize the adverse effects of noise and traffic on off-site residents.

3.

Minimize the area devoted to serve motor vehicles.

4.

Allow for proper and adequate access for firefighting purposes and access to service areas to provide garbage and waste collection and for other accessory services.

5.

Achieve a compatible relationship between development and land as well as with adjacent developments and land.

f.

Approval of cluster housing development required. No plat or plan of a cluster housing development shall be filed or recorded in the office of the clerk of the superior court of this county, or any building permit issued until it has been approved by the planning commission and such approval entered in writing on the plat by the secretary of the planning commission.

g.

Variances. Where the developer can show that a provision of these standards would cause unnecessary hardship if strictly adhered to, and where, because of topographical or other conditions peculiar to the site, in the opinion of the planning commission a departure may be made without destroying the intent of such provisions, the planning commission may authorize a variance. Any variance thus authorized is to be stated in writing in the minutes of the planning commission with the reasoning on which the departure was justified set forth.

(7)

Manufactured homes located in R-3 and R-3A districts. With respect to manufactured homes to be located in zoning districts R-3 and R-3A:

a.

Each manufactured home in such zoning districts must be set on an appropriate permanent foundation;

b.

The transportation mechanisms, including wheels, axles, and hitches, must be removed prior to the occupancy of a manufactured home or an industrialized home in such zoning districts;

c.

Each manufactured home in such zoning districts shall be installed in accord with installation instructions provided by the manufacturer;

d.

Each manufactured home located in such zoning districts shall be connected to a public sewer system, if available, or if such public sewer system is not available, to a community sewage system or to an on-site septic system with available capacity, such community sewage system and such on-site septic system to be approved by the appropriate health officials of the city or the county, as the case may be.

e.

The entire perimeter area between the bottom of the structure of each manufactured home in such districts and the ground, including stairways, shall be underpinned with masonry that completely encloses the perimeter of the undercarriage and attached stairways, except for proper ventilation and access openings;

f.

The exterior siding of each manufactured home located in such districts shall consist of brick, vinyl, wood or hardboard siding material;

g.

Each manufactured home located in such districts shall have a pitched roof with a slope of at least four feet in height for each 12 feet in width, and roof materials shall be wood shake, tile, or asphalt shingle material;

h.

A covered porch, deck, or entry area at least 48 inches by 48 inches shall be added for each entrance to the manufactured home prior to occupancy.

(8)

Manufactured homes in R-4 MH districts. With respect to manufactured homes located in the R-4 MH residential districts within the city, the following installation and compatibility standards shall apply:

a.

Each manufactured home located in such zoning district must be set on an appropriate foundation as approved by the city building official;

b.

The transportation mechanisms, including wheels, axles, and hitches, must be removed prior to occupancy of any manufactured home in such zoning district prior to occupancy;

c.

The manufactured home in such zoning districts shall be installed in accordance with installation instructions provided by the manufacturer of the home;

d.

Each manufactured home located in such zoning districts shall be connected to a public sewer system, if available, or if such public sewer system is not available, to a community sewage system or to an on-site septic system with available capacity, such community sewage system and such on-site septic system to be approved by the appropriate health officials of the city or the county, as the case may be.

e.

The entire perimeter area between the bottom of the structure and the ground of each manufactured home located in such districts shall be skirted or underpinned with brick, masonry, finished concrete, or siding, of like or similar character to the manufactured home, which completely encloses the perimeter of the undercarriage, except for proper ventilation and access openings.

f.

At each exit door there must be a landing that is a minimum of 36 inches by 36 inches.

(Code 1986, § 23-32; Ord. No. O-94-09-31, 9-22-1994; Ord. No. O-98-12-47, 12-17-1998; Ord. No. O-00-10-40, 10-19-2000; Ord. No. O-02-10-29, 10-24-2002)

(a)

Side and rear yard buffers. Whenever the zoning ordinances require side and rear yard buffers, one or more, or a combination of the following buffers shall be installed along the lot line of the subject property, as follows:

(1)

Natural buffer strip. A strip at least 25 feet wide, having an existing natural growth equivalent to a density planted evergreen screen. A landscape plan identifying all existing trees of six-inch caliper or greater which are to be retained inside the 25-foot natural buffer strip, along with any proposed trees and shrubs, must be approved by the building code enforcement officer prior to any site construction;

(2)

Landscape buffer strip. A strip at least ten feet wide, densely planted with shrubs and trees at least three feet high at the time of planting, of a type that possesses growth characteristics of such a nature as to produce a dense, compact evergreen planting screen capable of growing to a height of at least six feet within three years. A landscape plan identifying all plants to be incorporated in the buffer strips must be approved by the building code enforcement officer prior to any site construction; or

(3)

Landscape buffer wall. A buffer strip at least ten feet wide, containing an opaque wall or barrier or uniformly painted fence at least six feet in height. Buffer strips shall have five feet of landscape plantings on the exterior side of the wall and shall be planted with appropriate trees, shrubs and groundcover as to provide a transition from the wall to both edges of the buffer strip. A landscape plan identifying the location and construction of the wall or barrier and all plants to be incorporated in the buffer strip must be approved by the building code enforcement officer prior to any site construction.

(b)

It is permissible for any part of subsections (a)(2) or (3) of this section to be intermingled with some natural landscape materials, as long as they meet the intent of this section.

(c)

No certificate of occupancy shall be issued by the city until any buffers required by this section are planted or installed.

(d)

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code to the contrary, the buffers required by this section shall not be required unless the subject lot abuts a residential zoning district.

(Code 1986, § 23-33; Ord. No. O-95-09-29, 9-21-1995)

(a)

The following definitions shall be applicable to this subsection:

(1)

Fence means any structure constructed or erected to provide a barrier, either physical or visual, for the purpose of protecting property, providing for security and privacy, and properly containing activities on the property.

(2)

Fence height means the vertical dimension from the natural ground level to the top of the fence measured at any point along the length of the fence.

(3)

Yard, front means that area bounded by a line along the front of the principal structure extended to intersect the side property lines; those side property lines; and the front property line.

(4)

Principal structure means the principal building or other structure on a lot or building site designed or used to accommodate the primary use to which the premises are devoted, excluding attached accessory structures or architectural features (i.e., bay windows, chimneys, decks and porches).

(b)

Fences upon private property in the City of Americus shall be located as follows:

(1)

Fences (walls and decorative fences) shall not be located outside or beyond the property or lot lines of the lot to be served by such fence.

(2)

Fences located in side and front yards shall be placed no closer than eight feet from the back of the street curb, or when curbing does not exist, from the edge of pavement but no closer than two feet from the sidewalk.

(3)

No fence or wall constructed hereunder shall be constructed or maintained in a manner that will create a hazard to vehicular traffic or that will impair the ability of drivers to see and avoid other traffic or pedestrians.

(c)

All fences shaii conform to the following height designs and fence types:

(1)

Fences shall not be constructed of exposed concrete block, tires, or other discarded materials.

(2)

Barbed wire fences or barbed wire assemblies or additions atop fences shall be prohibited in all residential and commercial districts.

(3)

Barbed wire fences are permitted in agricultural and industrial districts with the following restrictions:

a.

Barbed wire assemblies or additions shall be restricted to three horizontal wire strands not to exceed a maximum of 18 inches;

b.

Barbed wire assemblies shall only be erected atop fences which have a minimum height of six feet; and

c.

Razor ribbon or razor wire shall be prohibited.

(4)

Fences shall lean at a vertical plane of no more than five percent.

(d)

This section shall be applicable only to fences permitted and constructed beginning on July 19, 2013; provided, however, that if any fence constructed prior to said date is destroyed or substantially damaged, from whatever cause, such fence shall only be reconstructed in compliance with the provisions of this section. For purposes of this subsection, the terms "destroyed" or "substantially damaged" mean that the fence structure is damaged to the extent of more than 75 percent of its assessed value for city tax purposes.

(Ord. No. O-2013-21, 7-18-2013)

Within residential districts only, except group housing developments, no more than one principal building with its customary accessory buildings may occupy or be constructed upon any lot of record.

(Code 1962, § 27-34; Code 1986, § 23-34)

No building shall hereafter be constructed on one lot which does not have at least 30 feet of frontage on a publicly dedicated, accepted, and maintained street.

(Code 1962, § 27-35; Code 1986, § 23-35; Ord. No. O-00-06-26, 6-23-2000; Ord. No. O-04-11-28, 11-18-2004)

(a)

For the purposes of this chapter, all streets in the city and all streets located in the county but fronting upon property located within the city are hereby divided into three classes:

(1)

Major streets.

(2)

Collector streets.

(3)

Residential streets.

(b)

Major streets within the city are more particularly designated as follows:

(1)

U.S. Highway 280, GA. Highway 30, GA. Highway 49, GA. Highway 27, U.S. Highway 19;

(2)

Lee Street;

(3)

Tripp Street;

(4)

Felder Street;

(5)

McGarrah Street;

(6)

Reese Street;

(7)

Cotton Avenue, from Forsyth Street to McGarrah Street;

(8)

Souther Field Road;

(9)

Carter Street, from Lee Street to Souther Field Road;

(10)

Upper River Road from Georgia Highway 49 East;

(11)

Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard from the southern city limits of the city to the northern city limits of the city.

(c)

Collector streets within the city are more particularly designated as follows:

(1)

Glessner Street, from Oak Avenue to Wheatley Street;

(2)

Forrest Street, from Lamar Street to Oak Avenue;

(3)

Elm Avenue, from Lee Street to Reese Street;

(4)

College Street, from Oak Avenue to Elm Street;

(5)

Taylor Street, from Lee Street to Reese Street;

(6)

Spring Street, from U.S. Highway 19 to Church Street;

(7)

North Jackson Street, from Church Street to Rucker Street;

(8)

Prince Street, from Cotton Avenue to Church Street;

(9)

Ashby Street, from Lee Street to Mayo Street;

(10)

Jefferson Street, from Prince Street to Oglethorpe Avenue;

(11)

Mayo Street, from Souther Field Road to Lamar Street;

(12)

Oglethorpe Avenue, from Jefferson Street to U.S. Highway 49;

(13)

Rucker Street, from U.S. Highway 19 to Northside Drive;

(14)

Northside Drive, from Rucker Street to Souther Field Road;

(15)

Cotton Avenue, from Forsyth Street to Lamar Street;

(16)

Brown Street, from Taylor Street to Church Street;

(17)

North Lee Street, from Carter Street to Rucker Street;

(18)

Wheatley Street, from Glessner Street to Simmons Street;

(19)

Simmons Street, from Wheatley Street to Tripp Street;

(20)

Oak Avenue, from West Glessner Street to Forrest Street;

(21)

Magnolia Street, from Georgia Highway 30 to Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard;

(22)

Rose Avenue, from Glessner Street to Lee Street;

(23)

Armory Drive, from Georgia Highway 30 to Patton Drive;

(24)

Patton Drive, from U.S. Highway 19 to Armory Drive;

(25)

Railroad Street from N Lee Street to Mayo Street;

(26)

Magnolia Street from Highway 30 to Highway 19;

(27)

Amory Drive from Patton Drive to Highway 30;

(28)

Rose Avenue from S Lee Street to West Glessner Street.

(d)

All streets not specifically designated as major streets or collector streets in this section are deemed to be residential streets for the purposes of this chapter.

(Code 1962, § 27-36; Code 1986, § 23-36; Ord. No. O-88-12-42, 12-27-1988; Ord. No. O-98-12-48, 12-17-1998)

Curb cuts shall in no case, except in residential districts, be greater than 30 feet in length, nor closer than 20 feet to another curb cut.

(Code 1962, § 27-43; Code 1986, § 23-43)

At the time of the erection of any type of building or structure hereinafter listed or at the time any such building or structure is enlarged or increased in capacity, there shall be provided for such new construction, enlargement or increased capacity only, off-street automobile parking or storage space in accordance with the following minimum requirements. Such parking space shall be provided with vehicular access to a street, and can be provided in a required setback. For all nonresidential uses, off-street parking must not be so planned or designed where vehicles ingress or egress from a parking space which enters or exits directly onto any street; a physical division must be provided between the street and parking area.

(1)

Residential uses.

a.

Dwellings; one space per dwelling unit.

b.

Multiple-family dwelling; 1 1/2 parking spaces for each dwelling unit located in a multifamily district.

c.

Dormitories; one parking space for each bed.

d.

Hotels and motels, including clubs; one parking space for each sleeping room. If, in addition to sleeping rooms, there are other uses operated in conjunction with and as part of the hotel/motel, additional off-street parking spaces shall be provided for such other uses as would be required by this section if such uses were separate from the hotel/motel to the extent of 35 percent of the off-street parking specified in this article for retail stores, offices, services, establishments, bars, restaurants, dining rooms, night clubs, cabarets, ballrooms, banquet halls, meeting rooms, auditoriums.

e.

Housing for elderly; one parking space for each unit.

f.

Fraternities and sororities; one parking space for each 75 square feet of total floor area of building.

g.

Where upper floor residential use is permitted in multistory buildings in zoning district C-3 downtown business district, and where more than three such units are proposed in a multistory building, the developer must submit plans which will provide for 1 1/2 off-street parking spaces per unit for proposed tenants of such multistory building.

(2)

Commercial uses. One parking space is required per square footage indicated in each category:

a.

One hundred square feet:

Bars.

Beer gardens.

Cafeterias.

Cocktail lounges.

Nightclubs.

Restaurants.

Taverns.

Theaters.

b.

One hundred fifty square feet:

Auto repairs shops.

Auto service stations.

Bakeries.

Beauty shops.

Butcher shops.

Carwash.

Convenience stores.

Delicatessens.

Dry cleanings.

Grocery stores.

Ice cream parlors.

Laundries.

Liquor/package stores.

Self-service laundries.

Take-out foods.

Adult entertainment establishments.

c.

Two hundred square feet:

Animal hospitals.

Auction galleries.

Automotive parts and supply stores.

Barbershops.

Business schools.

Child care centers.

Civic clubs.

Community centers (nongovernmental).

Contractor shops: general, electrical, plumbing, roofing, air conditioning, etc.

Dance schools.

Dental clinics.

Drugstores.

Health institutions.

Kennels.

Libraries.

Medical and dental offices.

Medical clinics.

Post offices.

Trade school.

Vehicle salesrooms.

Veterinarians.

Vocational schools.

Video stores.

Physical fitness center

d.

Three hundred square feet:

Bank, savings and loans and finance companies.

Building supply stores.

Business and professional offices.

Financial companies.

Government offices.

Hardware stores.

Household equipment.

Household repairs.

Marine supplies.

Pet grooming.

Retail stores.

Swimming and pool supplies.

Travel agencies.

Wholesale medical supplies.

Wholesale stores.

e.

Five hundred square feet:

Art galleries.

Carpet and flooring materials retail stores.

Furniture stores.

Industrial uses.

Manufacturing uses.

Printing and engraving.

Research and testing laboratories.

Sign shops.

Storage buildings.

Telephone exchange, housing automatic equipment only.

Warehouses.

(3)

Miscellaneous uses.

a.

Hospitals: one space for each two beds intended for patients.

b.

Places of public assembly, assembly halls, convention halls, exhibition halls, dance halls, skating rinks, sport arenas, community center, libraries, theater, museums, amusement centers: one parking space for each five seats or one parking space for each 200 square feet of gross area; whichever is greater.

c.

Places of worship: one parking space for each 50 square feet of auditorium or chapel area, not including Sunday-school classrooms.

d.

Funeral homes: one parking space for each four fixed seats in public rooms, plus one parking space for 90 square feet in public rooms with moveable seat.

e.

Bowling centers: six parking spaces for each lane.

f.

University or college, senior high schools, junior high schools, public or private schools: one parking space for each classroom, plus one parking space for each five students or one-half of the additional parking spaces for rooms used for public assembly as otherwise required by this section, whichever may be greater.

g.

Elementary schools, public or private: one parking space for each classroom, plus one-half of the additional parking spaces for rooms used for public assembly as otherwise required by this section.

h.

Private clubs, lodges, fraternal buildings, union halls: one parking space for each 100 square feet of assembly hall and auditorium, and one parking space for each 50 square feet of gross floor area occupied by guests, customers, patrons, members or other occupants, whichever may be greater.

i.

Sanitarians, asylums, orphanages, convalescent homes, home for the infirm: one parking space for each five beds for patients.

j.

Stadiums: one parking space for each five seats.

k.

Shopping centers: one parking space for each 150 square feet of total floor area.

l.

Private court club: five spaces per court.

m.

Flea markets: one parking space for each 100 square feet of booth or floor area of the flea market.

n.

Nursery schools and kindergartens: one parking space for each six children enrolled.

(4)

Calculating required parking spaces.

a.

Uses not specifically mentioned. The requirements for off-street parking for any unspecified uses in this section shall be the same as provided in this section for the use most similar to the one sought as determined by the planning department. It is the intent to require all uses, except agricultural to provide off-street parking.

b.

Fractional spaces. When units or measurements determining number of required off-street parking spaces result in requirement of fractional space, any such fraction equal to or greater than one-half shall require a full off-street parking space.

c.

Mixed uses. In the case of mixed uses, the total requirements for off-street parking shall be the sum of the requirements of the various uses computed separately, and off-street parking space for one use shall not be considered as providing the required off-street parking for any other use.

d.

Measurements. For the purposes of this article, gross floor area shall mean the floor area inside of the exterior walls excluding elevators, stairwells, meter rooms and power equipment rooms. In hospitals, bassinets shall not count as beds. In stadiums, sport arenas, places of worship and other places of assembly in which occupants utilize benches, pews or other similar seating facilities, each 20 lineal inches of such seating shall be counted as one seat for the purpose of computing off-street parking requirements.

e.

Areas over 2,000 square feet. All off-street parking areas over 2,000 square feet, shall meet landscaping requirements as provided in chapter 14, article III.

(Code 1962, § 27-38; Code 1986, § 23-38; Ord. No. O-94-09-32, 9-22-1994; Ord. No. O-95-04-13, 4-20-1995; Ord. No. O-96-07-26, 7-18-1996; Ord. No. O-00-11-40, 11-16-2000)

If vehicle parking or storage space required cannot be reasonably provided on the same lot on which the principal use is conducted, such space may be provided on other off-street property provided such space lies within 400 feet of the main entrance to such principal use. Such vehicle parking space shall be associated with the permitted use and shall not thereafter be reduced or encroached upon in any manner.

(Code 1962, § 27-39; Code 1986, § 23-39)

The required parking space for any number of separate uses may be combined in one lot, but the required space assigned to one use may not be assigned to another use at the same time, except that one-half of the parking space required for churches, theaters or assembly halls, the peak attendance of which will be at night on Sundays may be assigned to a use which will be closed at nights or on Sundays.

(Code 1962, § 27-40; Code 1986, § 23-40)

(a)

Each space shall have not less than 180 square feet and shall be not less than nine feet wide and 20 feet in length, exclusive of passageways. There shall be adequate interior drives to connect each space with a public street. In the cases of 25 or more required parking spaces, one-quarter or 25 percent of the required spaces may be of an area not less than eight feet by 16 feet and must be so marked for compact vehicles.

(b)

Off-street parking requirements for handicapped parking shall be provided per the "Americans with Disabilities Act Handbook," appendix B, section 4, pertaining to accessible elements and spaces: scope and technical requirements.

(Code 1962, § 27-41; Code 1986, § 23-41; Ord. No. O-95-04-13, 4-20-1995)

Every building or structure used for business, trade, or industry shall provide as indicated herein for the loading and unloading of vehicles off the street or public alley. Such space shall have access to a public alley or, if there is no alley, to a public street.

(1)

Retail business. One space,ten feet by 25 feet, for each 3,000 square feet of floor area or fraction thereof.

(2)

Wholesale and industry. One space, ten feet by 50 feet, for each 10,000 square feet of floor area or fraction thereof.

(3)

Bus and truck terminals. Sufficient space to accommodate the maximum number of buses or trucks to be stored or to be loading or unloading at the terminal at any one time.

(Code 1962, § 27-42; Code 1986, § 23-42)