Ardentown City Zoning Code
APPENDIX 3
PLANT LISTS AND PLANTING GUIDANCE
1. Recommended Plant List. Plant species generally suitable for or native and indigenous to the State of Delaware. This list is for general guidance only and does not serve as an exhaustive accounting of all suitable plants. For plant species proposed that are not listed, the applicant shall provide arboricultural and botanical information as requested by the Department.
A.
Large Canopy Trees (50'+)
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Street Tree | Urban Tolerance | C/V/H | Foliage | Native | RBA Usage | Growth Category | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acer nigrum | Black Maple | L | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer pseudoplatanus | Sycamore Maple | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer rubrum | Red Maple | L | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Avoid areas subject to salt spray. |
| Acer rubrum var trilobum | Trident Red Maple | L | L | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer saccharum | Sugar Maple | L | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Aesculus flava | Yellow Buckeye | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Aesculus hippocastanum | Horsechestnut | N | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Aesculus x carnea | Red Horsechestnut | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Carya cordiformis | Bitternut Hickory | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Carya glabra | Pignut Hickory | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Carya ovalis | Sweet Pignut Hickory | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Carya ovata | Shagbark Hickory | N | N | N | D | Y* | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Carya tomentosa | Mockemut Hickory | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Castanea dentata | American Chestnut | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Disease resistant available. |
| Castanea mollissima | Chinese Chestnut | N | N | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Celtis laevigata | Sugar Hackberry | Y | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Celtis occidentalis | Hackberry | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Katsura Tree | Y | L | N | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Cladrastis kentukea | American Yellowwood | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Fagus grandifolia | American Beech | N | L | N | D | Y | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Fagus sylvatica | European Beech | N | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Hedge tree with heavy pruning. |
| Ginko biloba | Ginko | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Dioecious. Use male plants near infrastructure. |
| Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis | Thornless Honeylocust | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Select cultivars for street trees. |
| Gymnocladus dioicus | Kentucky Coffeetree | L | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Produces large seed pods |
| Juglans nigra | Black Walnut | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Liquidambar styraciflua | Sweetgum | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Utilize fruitless cultivar on streets. |
| Liriodendron tulipifera | Tuliptree | N | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia acuminata | Cucumbertree Magnolia | L | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Metasequoia glyptostroboides | Dawn Redwood | N | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Nyssa sylvatica | Blackgum | Y | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Platanus x acerifolia | London Planetree | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Platanus occidentalis | American Sycamore | N | Y | L | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Picea abies | Norway Spruce | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Picea omorika | Serbian Spruce | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Picea pungens | Colorado Spruce | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pinus echinata | Yellow Pine | N | Y | N | E | Y | N | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pinus rigida | Pitch Pine | N | Y | L | E | Y | Y | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pinus strobus | White Pine | N | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pinus taeda | Loblolly Pine | N | Y | L | E | Y | Y | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pinus virginia | Virginia Pine | N | Y | N | E | Y | N | 3 | Border or hedge tree. |
| Populus deltoides | Eastern Cottonwood | N | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Populus grandidentata | Large Toothed Aspen | N | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Populus tremuloides | Quaking Aspen | N | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii | Douglas Fir | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils |
| Quercus acutissima | Sawtooth Oak | L | L | N | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus alba | White Oak | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus bicolor | Swamp White Oak | Y | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus coccinea | Scarlet Oak | L | L | L | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus falcata | Southern Red Oak | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus imbricaria | Shingle Oak | Y | Y | N | D | Y | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus macrocarpa | Bur Oak | L | L | Y | D | Y | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus michauxii | Swamp Chestnut Oak | L | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus muhlenbergii | Chinquapin Oak | L | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus phellos | Willow Oak | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus prinus | Chestnut Oak | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus nigra | Water Oak | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus robur | English Oak | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, border or hedge tree. 'Fastigiata' narrow cultivar |
| Quercus rubra | Northern Red Oak | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus shumardii | Shumard Oak | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Quercus velutina | Black Oak | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Salix alba | White Willow | N | L | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Taxodium ascendens | Pondcypress | Y | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Taxodium distichum | Baldcypress | Y | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Thuja plicata | Western Arborvitae | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Tilia americana | Basswood | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Select cultivars for street trees. |
| Tilia cordata | Littleleaf Linden | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Select cultivars for street trees. |
| Tilia tomentosa | Silver Linden | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Select cultivars for street trees. |
| Ulmus americana | American Elm | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Dutch Elm resistance cultivar |
| Ulmus carpinifolia | Smoothleaf Elm | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Dutch Elm resistance cultivar |
| Ulmus parvifolia | Lacebark Elm | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Tolerant of a wide range of soils. |
| Ulmus rubra | Red Elm | L | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Dutch Elm resistance cultivar |
| Zelkova serrata | Japanese Zelkova | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Tolerant of a wide range of soils. |
B.
Medium Canopy Trees (30' to 50')
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Street Tree | Urban Tolerance | C/V/H | Foliage | Native | RBA Usage | Growth Category | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abies balsamea | Balsam Fir | N | L | Y | E | Y | Y | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Abies concolor | White Fir | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Abies fraseri | Fraser Fir | N | L | Y | E | Y | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer negundo | Boxelder | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Tolerates flooding. |
| Aesculus glabra | Ohio Buckeye | L | N | L | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Alnus glutinosa | Black Alder | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Betula alleghaniensis | Yellow Birch | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Betula lenta | Black Birch | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Betula nigra | River Birch | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Cultivars for disease resistance. |
| Betula populifolia | Gray Birch | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Carpinus betulus | European Hornbeam | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 1 | Upright cultivar for street trees. Lawn tree or hedges. |
| Catalpa bignonioides | Southern Catalpa | N | N | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Ornamental |
| Catalpa speciosa | Northern Catalpa | N | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Ornamental |
| Chamaecyparis nootkatensis | Nootka Falsecypress | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Tolerant of wet sites. |
| Chamaecyparis obtusa | Hinoki Falsecypress | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Tolerant of wet sites. |
| Chamaecyparis thyoides | Atlantic Whitecedar | N | L | Y | E | Y | Y | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Tolerant of wet sites. |
| Cedrus atlantica | Atlas Cedar | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Corylus colurna | Turkish Filbert | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Cryptomeria japonica | Japanese Cryptomeria | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 3 | Border or hedge tree. |
| Diospyros virginiana | Common Persimmon | N | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | 1 | Dioecious. Patio, border or lawn tree. |
| Ilex opaca | American Holly | N | L | Y | E | Y | Y | 1 | Dioecious. Border or hedge tree. Wide range of cultivars. |
| Juniperus scopulorum | Colorado Redcedar | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of cultivars. |
| Juniperus squamata | Flaky Juniper | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of cultivars. |
| Juniperus virginiana | Eastern Redcedar | N | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of cultivars. |
| Maclura pomifera | Osage-orange | L | Y | Y | D | Y | N | 3 | Lawn, border or hedge tree. Tolerant of various soils. |
| Magnolia grandifloria | Southern Magnolia | L | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Select cultivar for street tree. |
| Magnolia macrophlla | Bigleaf Magnolia | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia tripetala | Umbrella Magnolia | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Morus rubra | Red Mulberry | N | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Ostrya virginiana | American Hop-hornbeam | Y | Y | L | D | Y* | N | 2 | Lawn tree or hedges. Naturalistic areas. |
| Pinus bungeana | Lacebark Pine | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or patio tree. Attractive bark. |
| Pinus serotina | Marsh Pine | N | L | N | E | Y | Y | 3 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Pistacia chinensis | Chinese Pistache | Y | Y | N | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Prunus pensylvanica | Wild Red Cherry | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Prunus serotina | Wild Black Cherry | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Prunus virginiana | Chokecherry | L | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Quercus lyrata | Swamp Post Oak | N | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Quercus marilandica | Blackjack Oak | L | Y | N | D | Y | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Quercus stellata | Post Oak | L | L | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Salix babylonica | Weeping Willow | N | N | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Sassafras albidum | Common Sassafras | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Sorbus x intermedia | Swedish Whitebeam | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Styphnolobium japonicum | Japanese Pagoda Tree | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Thuja occidentalis | Eastern Arborvitae | N | L | Y | E | Y | Y | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Ulmus alata | Winged Elm | Y | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
C.
Small Canopy/Understory Trees (15' to 30')
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Street Tree | Urban Tolerance | C/V/H | Foliage | Native | RBA Usage | Growth Category | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acer burgerianum | Trident Maple | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Acer campestre | Hedge Maple | L | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn tree or hedges. Wide range of soils. |
| Acer carpinifolium | Hornbeam Maple | L | L | N | D | N | N | 2 | Patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer circinatum | Vine Maple | L | Y | N | D | N | N | 3 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Acer ginnala | Amur Maple | L | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Acer griseum | Paperbark Maple | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 1 | Patio or border tree. |
| Acer japonicum | Fullmoon Maple | N | L | N | D | N | N | 1 | Patio or border tree. |
| Acer palmatum | Japanese Maple | N | L | Y | D | N | N | 1 | Patio or border tree. |
| Acer pensylvanicum | Striped Maple | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 1 | Patio or border tree. Highly shade tolerant. |
| Acer spicatum | Eastern Mountain Maple | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Acer tataricum | Tatarian Maple | L | L | N | D | N | N | 2 | Patio or border tree. |
| Acer truncatum | Shantung Maple | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Patio, border or lawn tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Amelanchier arborea | Downy Serviceberry | L | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Tolerates wet soils. |
| Amelanchier canadensis | Shadblow Serviceberry | L | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Tolerates wet soils. |
| Amelanchier laevis | Smooth Serviceberry | L | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Tolerates wet soils. |
| Aralia spinosa | Devils Walking Stick | N | Y | N | D | N | N | 2 | Border tree. |
| Asimina triloba | Pawpaw | L | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Tolerates wet soils. |
| Carpinus caroliniana | American Hornbeam | Y | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn, border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Castanea pumila | Allegheny Chinquapin | N | N | N | D | Y | N | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Cercis canadensis | Eastern Redbud | L | L | Y | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils |
| Chionanthus retusus | Chinese Fringetree | N | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Border tree for naturalistic groupings. |
| Chionanthus virginicus | White Fringetree | N | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Border tree for naturalistic groupings. |
| Cornus alternifolia | Pagoda Dogwood | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. Shade tolerant. |
| Cornus florida | Flowering Dogwood | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Border tree. Intolerant of salt or reflected heat. |
| Cornus kousa | Kousa Dogwood | N | N | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Border tree. Intolerant of salt or reflected heat. |
| Cornus mas | Cornelian Cherry Dogwood | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Border tree. Limb-up to reveal bark. |
| Cotinus coggygria | Common Smoketree | L | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Dioecious. Border tree. Adaptable to difficult sites. |
| Cotinus obovatus | American Smoketree | L | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Dioecious. Border tree. Adaptable to difficult sites. |
| Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis | Cockspur Hawthorn | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | L | 2 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Crategus phaenopyrum | Washington Hawthorn | Y | Y | Y | D | Y | L | 2 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Crataegus spp. | Hawthorns | L | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Thornless for street trees. Native only for RBA. |
| Franklinia alatamaha | Franklinia | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 2 | Patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils |
| Halesia carolina | Carolina Silverbell | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Patio, border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Ilex aquifolium | English Holly | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Dioecious. Border/hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Ilex cornuta | Chinese Holly | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Dioecious. Border/hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Ilex latifolia | Lusterleaf Holly | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Dioecious. Border/hedge tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Ilex pendunculosa | Longstalk Holly | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Dioecious. Border/hedge tree. Well-drained soils. |
| Ilex vomitoria | Yaupon Holly | N | L | Y | E | Y | L | 1 | Dioecious. Border/hedge tree. Well-drained soils. |
| Juniperus chinensis | Chinese Juniper | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Wide range of cultivars. |
| Koelreuteria paniculata | Goldenraintree | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Patio or border tree. |
| Laburnum x watereri | Goldenchaintree | L | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Patio or border tree. |
| Lagerstroemia indica | Crapemyrtle | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 3 | Lawn or border tree. |
| Maackia amurensis | Amur Maackia | L | L | L | D | N | N | 1 | Patio or border tree. |
| Magnolia salicifolia | Anise Magnolia | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 1 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia stellata | Star Magnolia | N | N | Y | D | N | N | 1 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia virginiana | Sweetbay Magnolia | N | N | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia x loebneri | Loebner Magnolia | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Magnolia x soulangiana | Saucer Magnolia | L | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Tolerant of various soils. |
| Malus hupehensis | Tea Crabapple | L | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Single stem for street trees. |
| Malus spp. | Flowering Crabapples | L | L | Y | D | Y | Y | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Single stem for street trees. |
| Oxydendrum arboreum | Sourwood | Y | N | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Patio tree & for small areas. Acidic, well-drained soils. |
| Parrotia persica | Persian Parrotia | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border trees. Wide range of soils. |
| Persea palustris | Swampbay | N | N | N | E | Y | Y | 2 | Border or hedge tree. Acidic, well-drained soils. |
| Pinus bungeana | Lacebark Pine | N | N | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Patio or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils |
| Pinus pungens | Table-Mountain Pine | N | Y | N | E | Y | N | 1 | Border tree. Dry, well-drained soils. |
| Prunus spp. | Flowering Cherry Trees | L | L | Y | D | Y | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Single stem for street trees. |
| Prunus americana | American Wild Plum | N | Y | N | D | Y* | Y | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Prunus serrulata | Oriental Flowering Cherry | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Wide range of soils. |
| Ptelea trifoliata | Hop Tree | N | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Pyrus fauriei | Asian Pear | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Quercus ilicifolia | Scrub Oak | N | Y | N | D | Y | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Quercus prinoides | Dwarf Chinquapin Oak | N | L | N | D | Y* | Y | 1 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Rhus typhina | Staghorn Sumac | N | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Wide range of soils |
| Salix bebbiana | Gray Willow | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained acidic soils. |
| Salix caroliniana | Carolina Willow | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained acidic soils. |
| Stewartia pseudocamellia | Japanese Stewartia | N | L | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. |
| Staphylea trifolia | American Bladdernut | N | N | N | D | Y | Y | 3 | Lawn or border tree. Well-drained acidic soils. |
| Syringa reticulata | Japanese Tree Lilac | Y | Y | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. Single stem for street trees. |
| Syringa vulgaris | Common Lilac | L | N | Y | D | N | N | 2 | Lawn, patio or border tree. |
| Taxus baccata | English Yew | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Taxus cuspidata | Japanese Yew | N | Y | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Thuja orientalis | Oriental Arborvitae | N | L | Y | E | N | N | 1 | Border or hedge tree. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
D.
Woody Shrubs, Vines and Groundcovers
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Urban Tolerance | C/V/H | Foliage | Native | RBA Usage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abelia x grandiflora | Hybrid Glossy Abelia | L | Y | D/E | N | N | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Alnus serrulata | Smooth Alder | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large shrub or small tree. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Amelanchier alnifolia | Alder-Leaved Serviceberry | L | Y | D | N | N | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Aronia arbutifolia | Red Chokeberry | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Aronia melanocarpa | Black Chokeberry | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Aronia x prunifolia | Purple Chokeberry | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Aesculus parviflora | Bottlebrush Buckeye | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Bignonia capreolata | Crossvine | L | Y | E | Y | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Buddleia davidii | Butterfly-bush | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Buxus microphylla | Littleleaf Boxwood | N | Y | E | N | N | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Buxus sempervirens | Common Boxwood | N | Y | E | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Callicarpa americana | American Beautyberry | N | N | D | Y | Y | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Callicarpa dichotoma | Purple Beautyberry | N | N | D | N | N | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Calycanthus floridus | Carolina Allspice | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Camellia japonica | Japanese Camellia | Y | Y | D | N | N | Medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Campsis radicans | Trumpet Vine | Y | Y | D | Y | N | Self-clinging vine. Tolerant of a wide range of soils. |
| Ceanothus americanus | New Jersey Tea | Y | N | E | Y* | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Celastrus scandens | American Bittersweet | Y | N | D | Y* | N | Dioecious. Fast growing, twining vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Cephalanthus occidentalis | Buttonbush | L | N | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Clematis lanuginosa | Lanuginosa Clematis | Y | Y | D | N | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Clematis virginiana | Virginia Clematis | Y | Y | D | Y | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Clematis viticella | Purple Clematis | Y | Y | D | N | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Clethra alnifolia | Summersweet Clethra | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Comptonia peregrina | Sweetfern | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Cornus alba | Tatarian Dogwood | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Cornus amomum | Silky Dogwood | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Cornus racemosa | Gray Dogwood | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Cornus sericea | Red Osier Dogwood | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Corylus americana | American Filbert | L | L | D | Y | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Corylus avellana | European Filbert | N | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Deutzia gracilis | Slender Deutzia | L | Y | D | N | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Diervilla sessilifolia | Southern Bush Honeysuckle | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Groundcover or small shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Euonymus atropurpureus | Eastern Burning Bush | N | N | D | Y* | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Forsythia suspensa | Weeping Forsythia | L | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Forsythia x intermedia | Hybrid Border Forsythia | L | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Fothergilla gardenii | Dwarf Fothergilla | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Fothergilla major | Large Fothergilla | Y | N | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hamamelis vernalis | Vernal Witchhazel | L | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hamamelis virginiana | Common Witchhazel | L | N | D | Y | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hamamelis x intermedia | Hybrid Witchhazel | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Hydrangea arborescens | Smooth Hydrangea | N | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hydrangea macrophylla | Bigleaf Hydrangea | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hydrangea paniculata | Panicle Hydrangea | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hydrangea quercifolia | Oakleaf Hydrangea | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Hypericum androsaemum | Tutsan | Y | Y | D | N | N | Groundcover to small shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Hypericum frondosum | St. John's Wort | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Hypericum prolificum | Shrubby St. John's Wort | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Ilex crenata | Japanese Holly | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover or small to large shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Ilex glabra | Inkberry | L | Y | E | Y | Y | Dioecious. Small to large shrub. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Ilex verticillata | Winterberry | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Dioecious. Small to large shrub. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Ilex x meserveae | Hybrid Meserve Hollies | Y | Y | E | N | N | Dioecious. Small to large shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Itea virginica | Virginia Sweetspire | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Juniperus communis | Common Juniper | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | Groundcover. Wide range of soils. |
| Juniperus conferta | Shore Juniper | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover. Wide range of soils. |
| Juniperus horizontalis | Creeping Juniper | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover. Wide range of soils. |
| Juniperus procumbens | Japanese Garden Juniper | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover to small shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Juniperus sabina | Savin Juniper | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover to small shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Kalmia latifolia | Mountain Laurel | N | Y | E | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Lindera benzoin | Spicebush | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Lindera glauca | Asian Spicebush | L | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Lonicera sempervirens | Trumpet Honeysuckle | L | Y | D | Y | N | Self-clinging/twining vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Leucothoe axillaris | Coast Leucothoe | L | Y | E | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Leucothoe fontanesiana | Drooping Leucothoe | N | Y | E | Y | N | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Menispermum canadense | Canadiar Moonseed | L | Y | D | Y | N | Self-clinging/twining vine. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Morella pensylvanica | Northern Bayberry | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Morella cerifera | Southern Bayberry | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Nandina domestica | Nandina | Y | Y | E | Y | Y | Medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Osmanthus americanus | Devilwood | L | N | E | Y | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia | Virginia Creeper | Y | Y | D | Y | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Parthenocissus tricuspidata | Boston Ivy | Y | Y | D | N | N | Self-clinging/tendril vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Physocarpus opulifolius | Ninebark | Y | Y | D | Y* | Y | Groundcover or small border shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Pieris japonica | Japanese Pieris | N | Y | E | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Prunus laurocerasus | Cherry Laurel | Y | Y | E | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Prunus lusitanica | Portugal Laurel | Y | Y | D | N | N | Large border or hedge shrub or small tree. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Prunus maritima | Beach Plum | Y | Y | D | Y | L | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Dry, sandy soils. |
| Prunus x cistena | Purple-Leaf Sand Cherry | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small to medium shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Pyracantha coccinea | Scarlet Firethorn | Y | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rhododendron atlanticum | Coast Azalea | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rhododendron carolinianum | Carolina Rhododendron | L | Y | E | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rhododendron catawbiense | Catawba Rhododendron | L | Y | E | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rhododendron maximum | Rosebay Rhododendron | N | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rhododendron periclymenoides | Pinxterbloom Azalea | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rhododendron prinophyllum | Roseshell Azalea | N | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rhus aromatica | Fragrant Sumac | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | Groundcover to medium shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rhus copallina | Winged Sumac | Y | Y | D | Y | L | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rosa palustris | Swamp Rose | Y | N | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Rosa rugosa | Rugosa Rose | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rosa virginiana | Virginia Rose | Y | N | D | Y | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Rosa x spp | Hybrid Roses | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Salix discolor | American Pussy Willow | N | N | D | Y | Y | Medium to larger border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Sambucus canadensis | Elderberry | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Sambucus racemosa | Red Elderberry | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Spiraea alba | Meadowsweet | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Spiraea spp | Spiraeas | L | Y | D | N | N | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Stewartia malacodendron | Silky Camellia | N | N | D | Y | Y | Large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Syringa meyeri | Korean Lilac | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Syringa pubescens | Manchurian Lilac | L | Y | D | N | N | Small to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Taxus canadensis | Canadian Yew | L | L | E | Y | Y | Groundcover to small shrub. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Taxus cuspidata | Japanese Yew | L | L | E | N | N | Groundcover or small to large shrub. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Taxus x media | Anglojap Yew | Y | Y | E | N | N | Groundcover or small to large shrub. Well-drained, acidic soils. |
| Vaccinium angustifolium | Lowbush Blueberry | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | Groundcover shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Vaccinium corymbosum | Highbush Blueberry | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Vaccinium macrocarpon | American Cranberry | N | Y | D | Y* | Y | Groundcover shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Viburnum acerifolium | Mapleleaf Viburnum | L | Y | D | Y | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Viburnum x burkwoodii | Burkwood Viburnum | Y | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum carlesii | Koreanspice Viburnum | Y | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum dentatum | Arrowwood Viburnum | Y | Y | D | Y | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum lentago | Nannyberry | Y | Y | D | Y | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum opulus | European Cranberrybush | Y | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum nudum | Possumhaw Viburnum | L | Y | D | Y* | Y | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Well-drained, moist, acidic soils. |
| Viburnum plicatum | Snowball Virburnum | Y | Y | D | N | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Viburnum rhytidophyllum | Leatherleaf Viburnum | Y | Y | E | N | N | Small to medium border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
| Vitex agnus-castus | Chastetree | L | Y | D | N | N | Medium to large border or hedge shrub. Wide range of soils. |
E.
Herbaceous Plants, Vines, Groundcovers and Grasses
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Urban Tolerance | C/V/H | Foliage | Native | RBA Usage | Wetlands Indicator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea millefolium | Common Yarrow | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Actaea racemosa | Black Cohosh | L | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Acorus americanus | Sweetflag | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Ageratina altissima | White Snakeroot | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. Do not plant in livestock feeding areas. |
| Ajuga reptans | Carpet Bugleweed | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Agastache foeniculum | Anise Hyssop | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Agrimonia gryposepala | Tall Hairy Agrimony | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Agrostis gigantea | Redtop | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Agrostis perennans | Perennial Bentgrass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Alchemilla mollis | Lady's Mantle | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Alisma subcordatum | Broadleaf Water-Plantain | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Allium canadense | Meadow Onion | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Allium cernuum | Nodding Onion | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Allium nigrum | Black Garlic | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Allium atropurpureum | Twincrest Onion | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Allium tricocum | Wild Ramps | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Amorpha canescens | Lead Plant | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Amsonia ciliata | Fringed Bluestar | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Amsonia hubrichtii | Threadleaf Bluestar | L | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Amsonia tabernaemontana | Eastern Bluestar | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Andropogon gerardii | Big Bluestem | Y | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Andropogon glomeratus | Bushy Bluestem | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Andropogon virginicus | Broomsedge Bluestem | Y | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Anemone americana | Roundlobed Hepatica | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Anemone quinquefolia | Wood anemone | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia | Hairy Plantain-leaf Pussytoes | Y | Y | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. Mat-forming groundcover. |
| Apios americana | American Groundnut | L | L | D | Y | N | FACW | Vine. Moist soils. |
| Aquilegia canadensis | Eastern Red Columbine | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Aralia nudicaulis | False Sarsaparilla | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Aralia racemosa | American Spikenard | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Arisaema triphyllum | Jack-in-the-Pulpit | N | N | D | Y* | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Aristolochia macrophylla | Dutchman's Pipe | L | N | D | Y* | N | NI | Vine. Moist soils. |
| Asarum canadense | Canadian Wildginger | N | N | D | Y* | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Asclepias incarnata | Swamp Milkweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. Attracts Monarch butterflies. |
| Asclepias syriaca | Common Milkweed | Y | Y | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. Attracts Monarch butterflies. |
| Asclepias tuberosa | Butterfly Milkweed | Y | Y | D | Y | L | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. Attracts Monarch butterflies. |
| Astilbe biternata | Native False Goatsbeard | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Astilbe spp | Astilbes | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Avenella flexuosa | Wavy Hairgrass | Y | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Baptisia australis | Blue False Indigo | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Bidens cernua | Nodding Bur-Marigold | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Bidens discoidea | Swamp Tickseed | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Bidens laevis | Large Bur-Marigold | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Bigelowia nuttalii | Rayless Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | N | N | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Boehmeria cylindrica | False Nettle | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Calamagrostis x acutifolia | Feather Reedgrass | L | Y | D | N | N | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Calamagrostis canadensis | Canadian Reedgrass | L | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Callitriche verna | Vernal Water-Starwort | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities |
| Caltha palustris | Yellow Marsh Marigold | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities |
| Campanula glomerata | Clustered Bellflower | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Cardamine bulbosa | Bulbous Bitter-Cress | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities |
| Cardamine conctenata | Cutleaf Toothwort | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Carex laxiculmis | Spreading Sedge | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Carex pensylvanica | Pennsylvania Sedge | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Carex stricta | Upright Sedge | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Caulophyllum thalictroides | Blue Cohosh | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Chelone glabra | White Turtlehead | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Chelone lyonii | Pink Turtlehead | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Cardamine impatiens | Narrowleaf Bittercress | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Chasmanthium latifolium | Indian Woodoats | L | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Cinna arundinacea | Stout Wood Reedgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Circaea lutetiana | Enchanter's Nightshade | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Claytonia virginica | Narrowleaf Springbeauty | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Collinsonia canadensis | Canada Horse-Balm | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Conoclinium coelestinum | Blue Mistflower | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Convallaria majalis | Lily of the Valley | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Coreopsis verticillata | Whorled Tickseed | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Crocus chrysanthus | Snow Crocus | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Crocus vernus | Dutch Crocus | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Cryptotaenia canadensis | Canada Honewort | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Cynoglossum virginianum | Wild Comfrey | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Danthonia spicata | Poverty Oatgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dennstaedtia punctilobula | Hay-Scented Fern | N | N | D | Y | Y | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Deschampsia cespitosa | Tufted Hairgrass | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Deschampsia flexuosa | Crinkled Hair Grass | L | Y | D | Y | Y | UPL | Grass. Dry soils. SWM facilities. |
| Desmodium glabellum | Dillen's Tick-Trefoil | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Dicentra cucullaria | Dutchman's Breeches | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Dicentra eximia | Wild Bleeding Heart | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Dichanthelium boscii | Bosc's Witchgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dichanthelium clandestinum | Deertongue | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dichanthelium dichotomum | Forked Witchgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dichanthelium lucidum | Bog Witchgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dichanthelium microcarpon | Branched Witchgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon | Roundfruit Witchgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Dryopteris carthusiana | Wood Fern | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Echinacea purpurea | Eastern Purple Coneflower | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Echinacea spp | Coneflowers | L | Y | D | Y | L | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Elephantopus carolinianus | Carolina Elephant-Foot | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Elymus riparius | River Wild Rye | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Elymus villosus | Hairy Wild Rye | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Elymus virginicus | Virginia Wild Rye | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Eragrostis spectabilis | Purple Lovegrass | L | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Erythronium americanum | Yellow Trout-Lily | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Eurybia divaricata | White Wood Aster | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Eutrochium fistulosum | Trumpet Weed | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Eutrochium purpureum | Joe-Pye Weed | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Euthamia caroliniana | Slender Goldentop | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Festuca subverticillata | Nodding Fescue | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Galium circaezans | Forest Bedstraw | L | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Galium lanceolatum | Lance-Leaf Bedstraw | L | N | D | Y | L | NI | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Galium obtusum | Blunt-Leaf Bedstraw | L | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Galium odoratum | Sweet Woodruff | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Galium tinctorium | Marsh Bedstraw | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Galium triflorum | Sweet-Scent Bedstraw | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Geranium maculatum | Wild Geranium | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Geum canadense | White Avens | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Glyceria septentrionalis | Floating Mannagrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Glyceria striata | Fowl Mannagrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hackelia virginiana | Virginia Stickseed | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Helianthus annuus | Common Sunflower | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. Crop plant. |
| Helenium autumnale | Common Sneezeweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Helianthus anguistifolius | Swamp Sunflower | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Helianthus decapetalus | Thinleaf Sunflower | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Helianthus microcephalus | Small Woodland Sunflower | Y | Y | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Helianthus giganteus | Tall Sunflower | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hemerocallis spp | Daylilies | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Moist soils. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Heracleum maximum | Cow-Parsnip | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Heuchera americana | Coral Bells | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Hieracium paniculatum | Panicled Hawkweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Hieracium venosum | Rattlesnake Hawkweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Hibiscus laevis | Halberd-leaf Rosemallow | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hibiscus moscheutos | Eastern Rosemallow | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hydrastis canadensis | Golden Seal | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hydrocotyle americana | American Water-Pennywort | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hydrophyllum virginianum | Eastern Waterleaf | N | N | D | Y* | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Hylotelephium spectabile | Showy Stonecrop | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. (Genus was formerly Sedum) |
| Hypericum densiflorum | Bushy St. John's Wort | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Hypericum walteri | Walter's St. John's Wort | L | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Ipomoea batatas | Sweet Potato | Y | Y | D | N | N | FACU | Vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Ipomoea pandurata | Man of the Earth | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Ipomoea spp | Morning Glory Vines | L | L | D | N | N | NI | Vine. Wide range of soils. |
| Impatiens capensis | Orange Jewelweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Impatiens pallida | Pale Jewelweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Iris cristata | Dwarf Crested Iris | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Iris pseudacorus | Yellowflag Iris | L | Y | D | N | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Iris sibirica | Siberian Iris | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Iris versicolor | Blueflag Iris | L | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Juncus canadensis | Canada Rush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Juncus effusus | Soft Rush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Laportea canadensis | Canada Wood-Nettle | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Leersia virginica | Virginia Cutgrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Leucanthemum x superbum | Shasta Daisy | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Liatris spicata | Dense Blazing Star | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Lilium superbum | Turk's Cap Lily | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Liriope muscari | Lilyturf | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Liriope spicata | Creeping Lilyturf | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Lobelia cardinalis | Cardinal Flower | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lobelia siphilitica | Great Blue Lobelia | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lupinus perennis | Sundial Lupine | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Luzula bulbosa | Bulbous Woodrush | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Luzula echinata | Hedgehog Woodrush | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Luzula multiflora | Common Woodrush | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lycopus americanus | American Bugleweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lycopus rubellus | Taperleaf Bugleweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lycopus uniflorus | Northern Bugleweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lycopus virginicus | Virginia Bugleweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Lysimachia ciliata | Fringed Loosestrife | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Maianthemum canadense | Canada Mayflower | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Maianthemum racemosum | Solomon's Plume | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Maianthemum stellatum | Starflower | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Matteuccia struthiopteris | Ostrich Fern | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Medeola virginiana | Indian Cucumber-Root | N | N | D | Y* | Y | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Meehania cordata | Meehan's Mint | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Mertensia virginica | Virginia Bluebells | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Michella repens | Partridgeberry | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Micranthes virginiensis | Virginia Saxifrage | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Monarda didyma | Bee Balm | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Monarda fistulosa | Wild Bergamot | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Muhlenbergia capillaris | Hair-Awn Muhly | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. |
| Nepeta cataria | Catnip | Y | Y | D | N | N | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Ophiopogon japonicus | Dwarf Lilyturf | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Osmorhiza longistylis | Scented Sweet-Cicely | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Osmunda regalis | Royal Fern | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Osmundastrum cinnamomeum | Cinnamon Fern | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Oxalis violacea | Violet Woodsorrel | N | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Packera aurea | Golden Ragwort | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Paeonia spp | Peonies | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Panicum amarum | Coastal Panic Grass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Panicum anceps | Beaked Panicgrass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Panicum virgatum | Switchgrass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Papaver orientale | Oriental Poppy | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Passiflora incarnata | Passion Vine | L | Y | D | Y | N | NI | Vine. Moist soils. |
| Passiflora lutea | Yellow Passion Vine | L | Y | D | Y | N | NI | Vine. Moist soils. |
| Pachysandra procumbens | Allegheny Pachysandra | L | Y | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Peltandra virginica | Arrow Arum | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Penstemon digitalis | Foxglove Beardtongue | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Penthorum sedoides | Ditch Stonecrop | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Persicaria virginiana | Virginia Smartweed | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Phacelia bipinnatifida | Forest Phacelia | L | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Phedimus spurius | Caucasian Stonecrop | Y | Y | D | N | N | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. (Genus was formerly Sedum) |
| Phlox divaricata | Woodland Phlox | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Phlox paniculata | Perennial Phlox | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Phlox subulata | Moss Phlox | N | Y | E | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Physostegia virginiana | Obedient Plant | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Pilea fontana | Spring Clearweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Pilea pumila | Canada Clearweed | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Poa autumnalis | Autumn Bluegrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. |
| Poa sylvestris | Forest Bluegrass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Wide range of soils. |
| Podophyllum peltatum | Mayapple | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Polemonium reptans | Jacob's Ladder | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Polygala paucifolia | Gaywings | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Polygonatum biflorum | Solomon's-Seal | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Polygonatum odoratum | Scented Solomon's Seal | N | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Polygonatum pubescens | Downy Solomon's-Seal | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Polystichum acrostichoides | Christmas Fern | L | N | E | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Pontederia cordata | Pickerelweed | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Prosartes lanuginosa | Yellow Mandarin | N | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Prunella vulgaris | Native Self-Heal | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Pycnanthemum muticum | Blunt Mountain-Mint | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Pycnanthemum tenuifolium | Slender Mountain-Mint | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Onoclea sensibilis | Sensitive Fern | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Ranunculus acris | Meadow Buttercup | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Ranunculus pusillus | Pursh's Buttercup | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Ranunculus sceleratus | Cursed Buttercup | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Rhexia virginica | Handsome Harry | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Rudbeckia fulgida | Orange Coneflower | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Rudbeckia hirta | Black-Eyed Susan | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Rudbeckia laciniata | Green-Head Coneflower | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Ruellia humilis | Wild Petunia | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Salvia x sylvestris | Salvia | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Sagittaria latifolia | Duck Potato | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Sanguinaria canadensis | Bloodroot | N | Y | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Sanicula canadensis | Canadian Black Snakeroot | N | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Sanicula odorata | Cluster Black Snakeroot | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Saururus cernuus | Lizard's Tail | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Sedum ternatum | Woodland Stonecrop | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities |
| Schizachyrium scoparium | Little Bluestem | L | Y | D | Y | L | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. |
| Schoenoplectus acutus | Hardstem Bulrush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Schoenoplectus pungens | Threesquare Bulrush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani | Softstem Bulrush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Scirpus atrocinctus | Blackgirdle Bulrush | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Scirpus cyperinus | Woolgrass | N | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Scrophularia lancelota | Lance-Leaf Figwort | L | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. Attracts hummingbirds |
| Scrophularia marilandica | Maryland Figwort | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. Attracts hummingbirds |
| Scutellaria elliptica | Hairy Skullcap | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Scutellaria incana | Downy Skullcap | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Scutellaria serrata | Showy Skullcap | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Silene virginica | Fire Pink | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Silphium mohrii | Mohr's Rosinweed | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Smallanthus uvedalius | Yellow-Flowered Leafcup | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago caesia | Bluestem Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago canadensis | Canada Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago flexicaulis | Broad-Leaf Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago rugosa | Rough-Leaf Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago sempervirens | Seaside Goldenrod | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Solidago sphacelata | Autumn Goldenrod | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Soghastrum nutans | Indian Grass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Spartina pectinata | Prairie Cord Grass | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | OBL | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Sphenopholis intermedia | Slender Wedgescale Grass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Sphenopholis nitida | Shiny Wedgescale Grass | N | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Grass. Dry soils. |
| Sphenopholis obtusata | Prairie Wedgescale Grass | N | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Spigelia marilandica | Indian Pink | L | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Sporobolus heterolepis | Prairie Dropseed | L | N | D | Y | L | UPL | Grass. Dry soils. |
| Stellaria longifolia | Longleaf Starwort | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Symphyotrichum lanceolatum | Narrow-Leaf Panicled Aster | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Symphyotrichum nove-agliae | New England Aster | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Symphyotrichum nove-belgii | New York Aster | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Symphyotrichum puniceum | Swamp Aster | Y | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Symplocarpus foetidus | Skunk Cabbage | N | N | D | Y | Y | OBL | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Thalictrum pubescens | Tall Meadowrue | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Thalictrum thalictroides | Rue Anemone | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Tiarella cordifolia | Heartleaf Foamflower | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Tradescantia hirsuticaulis | Hairystem Spiderwort | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Tridens flavus | Purpletop | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Grass. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Trillium luteum | Wood Lily | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Trillium grandiflorum | Large-Flowered Trillium | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Dry soils. |
| Tripsacum dactyloides | Eastern Gamagrass | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Grass. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Tulipa humilis | Tulip Flower | Y | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Uvularia perfoliata | Perfoliate Bellwort | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Uvularia sessilifolia | Sessile-Leaf Bellwort | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Veratrum viride | American False Hellebore | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Verbena urticifolia | White Vervain | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Verbena spp | Verbena | L | Y | D | N | N | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. Attract butterflies |
| Vernonia gigantea | Giant Ironweed | Y | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Vernonia glauca | Woodland Ironweed | L | N | D | Y | Y | NI | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Vernonia noveboracensis | New York Ironweed | Y | N | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. SWM facilities. |
| Veronicastrum virginicum | Culver's Root | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Viola blanda | Sweet White Violet | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Viola cucullata | Blue Marsh Violet | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
| Viola hirsutula | Southern Blue Wood Violet | N | N | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. |
| Viola pedata | Birdfoot Violet | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Viola pubescens | Downy Yellow Violet | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FACU | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Viola riviniana | European Dog Violet | N | Y | D | N | N | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. Matt-forming. |
| Viola sororia | Common Blue Violet | L | Y | D | Y | Y | FAC | Herb. Wide range of soils. |
| Viola striata | Striped Cream Violet | N | Y | D | Y | Y | FACW | Herb. Moist soils. SWM facilities. |
F.
Definitions
Border Tree/Shrub—A tree/shrub species appropriate for the edges of spaces, such as lawns, or integrated among combinations of understory and screening or hedge plantings.
C/H/V—Indicates whether cultivars, hybrids or varieties of the plant species are commonly available in regional plant nurseries. Analysis may be needed per the differing habits and environmental tolerances of each cultivar, hybrid or variety. Y - Yes, N - No, L - Limited availability
Dioecious—Plant species that have both male and female plants. The nearby presence of male plants are usually necessary to produce significant fruiting in female plants.
Foliage—Indicates whether a plant species is D - deciduous or E -evergreen in the Mid-Atlantic (coastal plain and piedmont) region.
Goundcover—Low-growing woody or herbaceous plants.
Growth Category—General annual growth rates in height exhibited by each tree species under optimal growing conditions. 1) 12 inches or less, 2) Between 12 inches and 24 inches, 3) Greater than 24 inches. (Refers to Table 40.23.320)
Hedge Tree/Shrub—A tree/shrub species that can be utilized in naturalistic or clipped hedges or planting screens. Trees are typically multi-stemmed or fastigiate (upright and narrow) species and cultivars.
Lawn Tree—A tree species appropriate for open lawns or requiring large open spaces.
Native—Indicates whether a plant species is a "native plant" per the definition in Article 33. All plants and trees used for reforestation shall consist only of species native and indigenous to Delaware. Additionally, they shall not include cultivars or hybrids of the species nor shall State rare or endangered species be utilized. (Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control)
Patio Tree—A smaller tree species appropriate for settings that are typically enclosed or don't require high clearance heights to branches.
RBA Usage—Plants generally appropriate for usage in Riparian Buffer Areas (RBA). Y - Yes, N - No, L - Limited requiring greater investigation per plant selected and site constraints.
Shrub Sizes—Approximate sizes attained by unpruned woody shrubs at maturity under optimal growing conditions. Small - Less than 5 feet, Medium - Between 5 feet and 10 feet, Large - Between 10 feet and 15 feet.
Street Tree—Appropriateness for typical street tree applications. Y - Yes, N - No, L - Limited requiring greater investigation per tree species/cultivar selected and site conditions.
Wetland Indicator Status—A Classification for hydrophytic plant species per the National Wetland Plant List.
OBL (Obligate Wetland)—Almost always occurs in wetlands
FACW (Facultative Wetland)—Usually occurs in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands
FAC (Facultative)—Occurs in wetlands and non-wetlands
FACU (Facultative Upland)—Usually occurs in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands
UPL (Obligate Upland)—Almost never occurs in wetlands
NI (No Indicator)—Insufficient information available to determine indicator status
Urban Tolerance—General degree to which a plant can tolerate conditions in an urban environment, particularly within parking lots and along streetscapes. Y - Yes, N - No, L- Limited requiring greater investigation per tree or plant species/cultivar selected and site conditions.
2. Plants to Avoid. Plant species that should be avoided or not planted within New Castle County due to invasive tendencies, disease or pest susceptibility, danger to human or livestock welfare or for other reason(s) indicated.
A.
Trees
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Invasive Tendency | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acer platanoides | Norway Maple | H | Do not plant. |
| Acer saccharinum | Silver Maple | Over-used, weak wooded, short-lived. May use in riparian environment. | |
| Ailanthus altissima | Tree of Heaven | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Albizia julibrissin | Mimosa Trees | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Aralia elata | Korean Angelica-tree | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Betula papyrifera | Paper/White Birch | Susceptible to bronze birch borer. | |
| Cupressus x leylandii | Leyland Cypress | Over-used, short-lived, numerous diseases. Select alternative. | |
| Evodia danielli | Korean Evodia | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Fraxinus spp. | Ash Trees | Susceptible to emerald ash borer. Do not plant. | |
| Maclura pomifera | Osage Orange | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Magnolia kobus | Kobus Magnolia | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Malus baccata | Siberian Crabapple | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Mimosa spp. | Mimosa Trees | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Morus alba | White Mulberry | I | Weak-wooded, numerous diseases. Hybridizes with native Morus rubra. |
| Morus rubra | Red Mulberry | Weak-wooded, messy/staining fruits. | |
| Paulownia tomentosa | Empress Tree | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Phellodendron amurense | Amur Cork Tree | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Photinia villosa | Christmas Berry | I | Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Pinus nigra | Austrian Pine | Susceptible to pinewood nematode. | |
| Pinus parviflora | Japanese White Pine | Susceptible to pinewood nematode. | |
| Pinus thunbergiana | Japanese Black Pine | Susceptible to pinewood nematode. | |
| Populus alba | White Poplar | I | Weak-wooded. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Pyrus calleryana | Callery Pear | H | Weak-wooded, over-used, short-lived. Do not plant. |
| Robinia pseudoacacia | Black Locust | I | Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Quercus palustris | Pin Oak | Over-used. Select alternative. | |
| Styrax japonica | Japanese Snowbell | I | Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Tsuga spp. | Hemlock Trees | Susceptible to woolly adelgid. | |
| Ulmus pumila | Siberian Elm | I | Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
B.
Woody Shrubs, Vines and Groundcovers
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Invasive Tendency | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akebia quinata | Five-leaf Akebia | I | Vine. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ampelopsis brevipedunculata | Porcelainberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Berberis thunbergii | Asian Barberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Berberis vulgaris | European Barberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Buddleia davidii | Butterflybush | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Celastrus orbiculatus | Oriental Bittersweet | H | Vine. Do not plant. Use native species. |
| Clematis terniflora | Sweet Autumn Clematis | H | Vine. Do not plant. White flowers |
| Eleagnus angustifolia | Russian Olive | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Eleagnus umbellata | Autumn Olive | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Euonymus alata | Winged Euonymus | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Euonymus fortuneii | Wintercreeper | I | Vine. Use alternatives. Do not plant. |
| Hedera helix | English Ivy | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Hedera hibernica | Atlantic Ivy | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ilex crenata | Japanese Holly | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Leucothoe axillaris | Coastal Doghobble | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ligustrum japonicum | Japanese Privet | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Ligustrum obtusifolium | Border Privet | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Ligustrum ovalifolium | California Privet | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Ligustrum sinense | Chinese Privet | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Ligustrum vulgare | Common Privet | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Lonicera fragrantissima | Chinese Honeysuckle | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Lonicera japonica | Japanese Honeysuckle | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Lonicera maackii | Amur Honeysuckle | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Lonicera morrowii | Morrow's Honeysuckle | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Lonicera tatarica | Tatarian Honeysuckle | I | Vine. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Mahonia bealei | Beales Barberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Mahonia repens | Creeping Mahonia | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Philadelphus coronarius | European Mock-orange | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Pueraria montana | Kudzu | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Rhamnus cathartica | Common Buckthorn | H | Shrub. Do not plant. Mildly poisonous berries. |
| Rhamnus frangula | Alder Buckthorn | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Rhodotypos scandens | Jetbead | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Robinia hispida | Bristly Locust | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Rosa multiflora | Multiflora Rose | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Rubus laciniatus | Evergreen Blackberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Rubus parvifolius | Australian Raspberry | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Rubus phoenicolasius | Wineberry | H | Shrub. Do not plant. |
| Viburnum dilatatum | Linden Viburnum | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Viburnum lantanoides | Hobblebush | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Viburnum seiboldii | Seibold Viburnum | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Viburnum setigerum | Tea Viburnum | I | Shrub. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Wisteria sinensis | Chinese Wisteria | I | Vine. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
C.
Herbaceous Plants, Vines, Groundcovers and Grasses
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Invasive Tendency | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acorus calamus | European Sweetflag | H | Herb. Do not plant. |
| Ageratina altissima | White Snakeroot | Herb. Causes milk sickness. Do not plant in livestock feeding areas. | |
| Alliaria peiolata | Garlic Mustard | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Allium vineale | Field Garlic | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ampelopsis glandulosa | Porcelain-berry | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Arthraxon hispidus | Joint-head Arthraxon | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Bambusa spp. | Bamboo | H | Woody, clumping bamboo. Highly invasive. Do not plant. |
| Bidens polylepis | Tickseed Sunflower | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Bromus inermis | Awnless Brome | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Bromus japonicus | Japanese Brome | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Bromus sterilis | Poverty Brome | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Bromus tectorum | Cheat-grass Brome | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Cabomba caroliniana | Carolina Fanwort | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Centaurea maculosa | Spotted Knapweed | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Cicuta maculata | Water Hemlock | Herb. Highly poisonous to humans and livestock. Do not plant. | |
| Cirsium arvense | Creeping Thistle | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Commelina communis | Asiatic Dayflower | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Conium maculatum | Poison Hemlock | I | Herb. Highly poisonous to humans and livestock. Do not plant. |
| Coronilla varia | Crownvetch | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Cynanchum louiseae | Black Swallow-wort | I | Herb. Do not plant. |
| Datura stramonium | Jimsonweed | I | Herb. Poisonous. Do not plant. |
| Dioscorea polystachya | Chinese Yam | I | Vine. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Egeria densa | Brazilian Waterweed | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Endodeca serpentaria | Virginia Snakeroot | Herb. Poisonous. Do not plant. | |
| Eragrostis curvula | Weeping Lovegrass | I | Grass. Plant only where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Fallopia japonica | Japanese Knotweed | H | Herb. Do not plant. |
| Ficaria verna | Lesser Celandine | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Galanthus nivalis | Common Snowdrop | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Glechoma hederacea | Ground-Ivy | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Hemerocallis spp | Daylilies | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Hesperus matronalis | Dame's Rocket | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Hordeum jubatum | Foxtail Barley | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Humulus japonicus (scandens) | Japanese Hop | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Hydrilla verticillata | Hydrilla | H | Aquatic herb. Do not plant. |
| Iris pseudacorus | Yellow Flag Iris | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Lespedeza cuneata | Chinese Bushclover | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Leucojum aestivum | Summer Snowflake | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ludwigia peploides | Creeping Primrose | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Lysicachia nummularia | Creeping Jenny | I | Vine. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Lythrum salicaria | Purple Loosestrife | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Matteuccia struthiopteris | Ostrich Fern | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Microstegium vimineum | Japanese Stiltgrass | H | Grass. Do not plant. |
| Miscanthus sinensis | Chinese Silvergrass | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Murdannia keisak | Marsh Dayflower | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum | Parrott Feather | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Myriophyllum spicatum | Eurasian Watermilfoil | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus | Daffodil | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ornithogalum nutans | Dropping Star-of-Bethlehem | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Ornithogalum umbellatum | Star-of-Bethlehem | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Oxipolis rigidior | Cowbane | Herb. Highly poisonous to humans and livestock. Do not plant. | |
| Pachysandra terminalis | Japanese Pachysandra | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Pennisetum orientale | Oriental Fountain Grass | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Perilla frutescens | Beefsteak Plant | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Persicaria longiseta | Oriental Lady's Thumb | I | Herb. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Persicaria perfoliata | Mile-a-minute Weed | H | Vine. Do not plant. |
| Phalaris arundinacea | Reed Canary Grass | I | Grass. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Phyllostachys spp. | Bamboo | H | Large, woody, running bamboo. Do not plant. |
| Phragmites australis | Common Reed | H | Grass. Do not plant. |
| Pistia stratiotes | Water Lettuce | I | Herb. Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Pseudosas spp. | Bamboo | H | Medium, woody, running bamboo. Do not plant. |
| Saponaria officinalis | Bouncing Bet | I | Herb. Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Solanum carolinense | Carolina Horsenettle | I | Herb. Poisonous to humans and livestock. Do not plant. |
| Sorghum halepense | Johnson Grass | I | Grass. Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation. |
| Urtica dioica | Stinging Nettle | I | Herb. Invasive. Histamine-injecting thorns. |
| Trapa natans | Water Chestnut | I | Herb. Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
| Vinca minor | Periwinkle | I | Herb. Invasive. Plant where it cannot escape cultivation |
D.
Definitions
Highly Invasive—Plants that are currently invasive, cause serious management concerns or pose a serious threat to the biological diversity of the State of Delaware. Any "highly invasive" plant that is found on-site shall be eradicated as part of a long-term maintenance plan as required by the Department.
Invasive—Plants that are currently invasive, but cause a lesser degree of management concerns or pose a lesser threat to the biological diversity of the State of Delaware. Any invasive plant found on-site shall be controlled to prevent further spread or be removed as part of a long-term maintenance plan as required by the Department.
Invasive Species—A species that is non-native to the local ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm to human health or the health of native flora and fauna.
Invasive Tendency—General degree to which a plant species has been deemed to be invasive to the State of Delaware by the Delaware Invasive Species Council (DISC), the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC), the Delaware Department of Agriculture or other similar arboricultural or botanical authority. Invasive tendency is apportioned into two tiers. H - Highly Invasive, I - Invasive.
3. Native Plant Species of Special Interest. Plant species listed below in this Section or annotated in Section 1 with an asterisk (*) encountered on site may require additional protections per Articles 5, 10 and 23. They may be considered rare, valued, or endangered species within the State of Delaware or require additional arboricultural and botanical information as requested by the Department.
A.
Trees
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Amelanchier arborea | Downy Shadbush | Valued tree species |
| Amelanchier canadensis | Eastern Shadbush | Valued tree species |
| Amelanchier laevis | Smooth Shadbush | Valued tree species |
| Asimina triloba | Common Pawpaw | Edible fruit |
| Carya cordiformis | Bitternut Hickory | Valued tree species |
| Carya glabra | Pignut Hickory | Valued tree species |
| Carya lacinosa | Shellbark Hickory | |
| Carya ovata | Shagbark Hickory | Valued tree species |
| Carya pallida | Sand Hickory | Tolerates dry, upland, sandy soils. |
| Carya tomentosa | Mockernut Hickory | Valued tree species |
| Diospyros virginiana | Persimmon | Valued tree species |
| Fagus grandifolia | American Beech | Valued tree species |
| Fraxinus nigra | Black Ash | |
| Juglans cinera | Butternut | Found along well-drained stream banks. |
| Magnolia virginiana | Sweetbay Magnolia | |
| Malus coronaria | Wild Crabapple | |
| Nyssa sylvatica | Blackgum | Valued tree species |
| Pinus taeda | Loblolly Pine | Valued tree species |
| Prunus serotina | Wild Black Cherry | Valued tree species |
| Prunus virginiana | Choke Cherry | |
| Quercus alba | White Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus bicolor | Swamp White Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus coccinea | Scarlet Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus falcata | Southern Red Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus laurifolia | Laurel Oak | |
| Quercus lyrata | Overcup Oak | Tolerates poorly-drained bottomland soils. |
| Quercus michauxii | Swamp Chestnut Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus montana | Chestnut Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus phellos | Willow Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus rubra | Northern Red Oak | Valued tree species |
| Quercus stellata | Post Oak | Tolerates dry, upland, sandy soils. |
| Quercus velutina | Black Oak | Valued tree species |
B.
Wood Shrubs, Vines and Groundcovers
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Aralia racemosa | American Spikenard | |
| Clematis occidentalis | Purple Clematis | |
| Comptonia peregrina | Sweet Fern | |
| Corylus cornuta | Beaked Hazelnut | |
| Diervilla lonicera | Northern Bush Honeysuckle | |
| Gylussacia brachycera | Box Huckleberry | |
| Hydrangea arborescens | Wild Smooth Hydrangea | |
| Kalmia angustifolia | Sheep Laurel | |
| Lyonia mariana | Staggerbush | |
| Rhododendron viscosum | Swamp Azalea |
C.
Herbaceous Plants and Grasses
| Botanical Name | Common Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Actea pachypoda | White Baneberry | |
| Adantium pedatum | Northern Maidenhair Fern | |
| Andropogon gerardii | Big Bluestem | |
| Aqualegia canadensis | Canadian Columbine | |
| Arisaema dracontium | Green Dragon | |
| Boltonia asteroides | White Doll's Daisy | |
| Calamagrostis canadensis | Bluejoint Reedgrass | |
| Caltha palustris | Marsh Marigold | |
| Chasmanthum latifolium | Indian Sea Oats | |
| Coreopsis rosea | Pink Tickseed | |
| Eupatorium purpureum | Joe-Pye Weed | |
| Gentiana andrewsii | Bottle Gentian | |
| Helianthus angustifolius | Swamp Sunflower | |
| Iris prismatica | Slender Blue-flag Iris | |
| Liatris spicata | Spike Gay-flower | |
| Lilium canadense | Canada Lily | |
| Mertensia virginica | Bluebells | |
| Monarda fistulosa | Wild Bergamot | |
| Oenothera fruticosa | Sundrops | |
| Panax quinquefolius | American Ginseng | |
| Panax trifolius | Dwarf American Ginseng | |
| Passiflora incarnata | Purple Passion Flower | |
| Passiflora lutea | Yellow Passion Flower | |
| Penstemon hirsustus | Hairy Beardtongue | |
| Penstemon laevigatus | Smooth Beardtongue | |
| Phlox maculata | Wild Sweet William | |
| Poa sylvestris | Woodland Bluegrass | |
| Polygonatum biflorum | Solomon's Seal | |
| Tradescantia virginiana | Spiderwort | |
| Trillium cernuum | Nodding Trillium | |
| Trillium erectum | Purple Trillium | |
| Viola labradorica | Blue American Dog Violet | |
| Viola pedatum | Birdfoot Violet |
4. Street Tree Selection. Supplemental guidance for Article 23 for street tree selection. Street tree species selected should conform to the size categories of Appendix 3 Section 1 as required by the Department or DelDOT, where necessary.
A.
Street Tree Selection—Subdivision Streets
Planting Area Width
| Street Type | >6' | >8' | >10' |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type I | Sm* | Sm or Md* | Sm/Md/Lg |
| Type II | N/A | Sm or Md* | Sm/Md/Lg |
| Type III | N/A | Sm or Md* | Sm/Md/Lg |
* Root barrier protection or other tree planting construction techniques may be required by the Department or DelDOT.
B.
Street Tree Selection—Other Streets. Street tree selection and associated planting area width along non-subdivision streets (generally roads with three-digit numbers assigned to them by DelDOT), should generally follow the contextual guidance for subdivision streets in accordance with the street type. However, certain areas, particularly those with urban-style development with on-street parking and pedestrian activity, may require additional professional design judgement regarding tree selection, planting area width, special planting construction techniques and long-term maintenance. Both Department and DelDOT approval shall be required.
c.
Definitions.
Planting Area Width—Planting area width is measured from the back of curbing or edge of cartway pavement and edge of sidewalk or pathway. It may also consider the total width of special under-pavement planting structures placed to provide uncompacted soil for tree root dispersal. Street trees should be placed such that the center of the tree trunk is located within the center of the planting area, unless being adjusted for safety, access, utility avoidance, or stormwater conveyance and infiltration. For scenarios where tree pits are utilized, tree grates or the opening to tree pits shall be a minimum of five (5) feet wide. Guidance for clear zones or lateral offsets may also factor in the locations of street trees.
Street Tree Sizes—Sm = Small (15'—30' tall); Md = Medium (30'—50' tall); Lg = Large (>50' tall). Tree heights listed are typically reached at maturity under optimal growing conditions. See Appendix 3 Section 1.
Street Type—Subdivision street types in accordance with DelDOT's Development Coordination Manual: Type I (<500 ADT), Type II (501—3000 ADT), Type III (>3000 ADT).
5. Reforestation Planting—Supplemental guidance for reforestation plantings.
A.
It is customary to plant trees of a single size for one contiguous reforestation area within a site. In some cases, it may be appropriate to plant a mixture of plant sizes, so long as the planting density is achieved. The following should be considered:
1.
Larger initial planting sizes may be more effective than whips and seedlings in areas proximate to high human activity and/or encroachment by mechanized equipment.
2.
Place larger trees around the perimeter in order to protect interior smaller plants.
3.
Use smaller plants for understory species and larger plants for canopy/overstory species.
B.
It is recommended that a means for delineating reforestation areas with temporary or permanent signage or markers be utilized to prevent accidental removal, cutting or disturbance of reforestation plantings.
C.
It is recommended that tree whips and seedlings be marked with wooden or bamboo stakes for the duration of the establishment period so that they can be easily identified for maintenance and avoided by equipment.
6. Tree Replacement Calculation. Supplemental guidance for tree replacement located in Subsection 40.23.320.C.
A.
Steps to determine new caliper figures for trees to be enlarged:
Step 1—Calculate the sum cross-sectional area of all replacement trees (c): (πr1^2) x c = y
Step 2—Divide (y) by the number trees (g) on the development plant to be enlarged: y/g = n
Step 3—Add (n) to the cross-sectional area of each canopy tree to be enlarged: n + (πr2^2) = f
Step 4—Determine the new caliper figure of each enlarged tree by solving for (r3): f = (πr3^2) or √(f/π) = r3
Step 5—Multiply r3 by 2 to determine the new caliper figures for trees to be enlarged: r3 x 2 = t
B.
New caliper figures shall be rounded up to the nearest one-half (½) inch.
Step 6—Round new caliper figure (t) up to nearest one-half (½) inch
(Ord. No. 97-172, § 3(ch. 13, app. 3), 12-31-1997; Ord. No. 18-021, § 56, 7-10-2018; Ord. No. 21-009, § 14, 12-14-2021)