Toledo City Zoning Code
CHAPTER 1107
Parking, Loading and Access
1107.0400 Off-street parking Schedule "B" additional commercial standards.
Off-street parking spaces for Schedule B uses must be provided in accordance with the following standards. This schedule is to be read cumulatively using each increment. For example, to determine the total allowed spaces for a 100,000 square foot building calculate the number of spaces allowed for the first 50,000 square feet at 1 per 200 square feet (250 spaces) and for the next 50,000 square feet at 1 per 300 square feet (167 spaces) for a total of 417 parking spaces.
Floor Area (sq. ft.) | Off-Street Parking Spaces Allowed |
First 50,000 | 1 per 200 square feet |
50,000+ | 1 per 300 square feet |
(Ord. 231-09. Passed 4-14-09; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0500 Off-street parking Schedule "C" additional industrial standards.
Off street parking spaces for Schedule C uses must be provided in accordance with the following standards. This schedule is to be read cumulatively using each increment.
Floor Area (sq. ft.) | Off-Street Parking Allowed | ||
Warehousing Floor Area | Manufacturing or Other Floor Area | ||
1-20,000 | 1 per vehicle used in the business + | 1 per 1,000 sq. ft. + | 1 per 750 sq. ft. |
20,001- 120,000 | 1 per 5,000 sq. ft. + | 1 per 1,500 sq. ft. | |
120,001+ | 1 per 10,000 sq. ft. + | 1 per 3,000 sq. ft. | |
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0600 Off-street parking Schedule "D".
Schedule "D" uses have widely varying parking demand characteristics, making it impossible to specify a single off-street parking standard.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0601 Upon receiving a development application for a use subject to "Schedule D" standards, the Planning Director must apply the off-street parking standard specified for the listed use that is deemed most similar to the proposed use or establish maximum off-street parking requirements on the basis of a parking study prepared by the applicant.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0602 The study must include estimates of parking demand based on recommendations of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), or other acceptable estimates as approved by the Planning Director and include other reliable data collected from uses or combinations of uses that are the same as or comparable with the proposed use. Comparability will be determined by density, scale, bulk, area, type of activity, and location. The study must document the source of data used to develop the recommendations.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1000 Off-street loading schedule.
Off-street loading spaces must be provided in accordance with the following minimum ratios.
Type of Use/Floor Area | Loading Spaces Required |
Business, institutional, personal or professional service uses, including but not limited to, offices, hotels, motels, recreational or entertainment uses | |
Under 20,000 square feet | None |
20,000-99,999 square feet | 1 |
100,000-349,999 square feet | 2 |
350,000 square feet or more | 2 plus 1 for each additional 3000,000 square feet or fraction thereof in excess of 350,000 square feet |
Commercial or industrial uses involving the retail or wholesale exchange, sale, storage, processing or manufacturing of merchandise or personal property of any use allowed in any C or I District | |
Under 5,000 square feet | None |
5,000-9,999 square feet | 1 |
10,000-29,999 square feet | 2 |
30,000-89,999 square feet | 3 |
90,000-149,999 square feet | 4 |
150,000-249,999 square feet | 5 |
250,000 square feet or more | 5 plus 1 for each 80,000 square feet or fraction thereof in excess of 250,000 square feet |
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1500 Use of off-street parking and loading areas.
Required off-street parking and loading areas are to be used solely for loading, unloading, and the parking of licensed, motor vehicles in operating condition. Required spaces may not be used for the outdoor display of goods for sale or lease or for long-term storage of vehicles, boats, motor homes, campers, mobile homes, or building materials.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.2000 Sight distance setback.
No fence, sign structure or planting which obstructs visibility between 42 inches and 84 inches above grade shall be installed or maintained within 18 feet of the curb or pavement edge of any street.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 166-24. Passed 4-10-24.)
1107.0101 Purpose.
The regulations of this chapter are intended to ensure that the off-street parking, loading, and access demands of various land uses will be met without adversely affecting surrounding areas. Access includes pedestrians and bicyclists as well as vehicles. The regulations are also intended to help maintain a safe and efficient transportation system. In recognition of the fact that different approaches will be appropriate in different areas of the City, the regulations allow flexibility in addressing vehicle parking, loading, and access demand.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0102 Applicability.
A. New Development. The parking, loading and access standards of this chapter apply to all new buildings constructed and all new uses established in all zoning districts.
B. Expansions and Substantial Modifications. The parking, loading and access standards of this chapter apply when an existing structure or use is expanded or enlarged, whether through the addition of dwelling units, floor area, seating capacity, employees or other units of measurement used for establishing off-street parking and loading requirements.
1. Additional off-street parking and loading spaces to meet maximum ratios are allowed only to serve the entire building or use.
2. If the number of parking spaces on a site at the time of expansion or substantial modification exceeds the maximum ratios of this chapter, no additional spaces will be allowed, except through the Alternative Parking Plan provisions of Section 1107.1400.
C. Requirements for Change in Use. If a change in use causes an increase in the allowed number of parking, stacking, or loading spaces, 100 percent of such additional spaces may be provided in accordance with the requirements of this Zoning Code; except as required in the provision of Sec. 1107.1000
, Sec. 1107.1600
and Sec. 1107.1700
.
D. Applicability in the Event of Damage or Destruction of Existing Use.
1. When a conforming or nonconforming building or use that does not comply with current off-street parking and/or loading regulations is damaged and the cost of reconstruction does not exceed 75 percent of the assessed value at the time such damage occurred, the building may be constructed with the same number of parking and loading spaces that existed at the time of damage or destruction. However, when the cost of reconstruction exceeds 75 percent of the assessed value at the time such damage occurred, off-street parking and loading spaces may be provided in the amount allowed for new construction on the date the application for reconstruction is approved.
2. Notwithstanding the preceding, within a Historic (-HO) or Pedestrian-Oriented (-PO) Overlay Zoning District, any damaged building or use of 5,000 square feet or less that is nonconforming only in the amount of off-street parking and/or loading space that is provided, may be reconstructed (if authorized by Sections 1114.0205C. or 1114.0305B., without providing additional off-street parking and/or loading.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0103 No Additions Above Maximums.
The number of parking and loading spaces existing on a site may not be above the maximum requirements of this chapter except by an Alternative Access and Parking Plan in Section 1107.1400.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0104 Effect on Nonconforming Status.
A building or use that was legally established is not deemed nonconforming solely as a result of providing more than the maximum number of off-street parking or loading spaces specified in this chapter.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0105 Consultation with Division of Transportation.
Before making any decision or issuing any approval under this chapter, the Planning Director shall first refer the matter to the Division of Transportation, which shall make recommendations that the Planning Director shall give due consideration in making his or her decision.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0201 CD, Downtown Commercial District.
A. Parking Exemption. Due to the unique characteristics of the central business district, including higher land values, integration with public transportation, and the presence of parking garages, allowed uses in the CD zoning district are exempt from providing off-street parking spaces.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20; Ord. 615-22. Passed 11-22-22.)
1107.0202 Central-City Special Parking District.
Within the Central-City Special Parking District, which includes all of Census Tracts 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34 and 37, the maximum off-street parking requirement for multi-dwelling units created through rehabilitation or conversion of an existing structure will be one space per dwelling unit, plus one space per 10 dwelling units for visitor parking.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0203 Surface Parking Lot Ban Districts.
A. Surface Lot Prohibition. Within the Surface Parking Lot Ban Districts, one-level surface parking lots are strictly prohibited, and existing one-level surface parking lots may not be increased in size. Other modifications to existing one-level surface parking lots may occur subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
B. Establishment of Surface Parking Lot Ban Districts.
Surface Parking Lot Ban District Name | Boundaries
|
Downtown Core District | Centerline of Summit Street, the centerline of Jefferson Street, the centerline of Erie Street, and the centerline of Jackson Street. |
Warehouse District | Centerline of Michigan Street, Monroe Street, Washington Street, 11th Street, the Anthony Wayne Trail, Interstate 75, Swan Creek, and Monroe Street. |
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20.)
1107.0204 Locally Designated Historic Districts.
No additional off-street parking or loading spaces are required for rehabilitation or reuse of existing structures within locally designated historic districts. For new construction within locally designated historic districts, maximum off-street parking ratios are reduced by 50 percent from the otherwise applicable standards of this Chapter.
(Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0205 -PO, Pedestrian-Oriented Overlay District.
A. Non-residential Parking
Due to increased pedestrian connectivity and a lesser need for parking, non-residential uses in the PO zoning overlay district are exempt from providing off-street parking spaces.
B. Residential Parking
The maximum number of off-street parking spaces allowed is one space per residential unit, plus one space per 10 dwelling units for visitor parking.
C. Residential Parking Exception
No off-street parking spaces are required for residential building projects of 10 units or less.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0206 Landscape Standards.
See Sec. 1108.0300, Urban Commercial Landscape Standards
(Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20.)
1107.0207 Review Procedures.
Unless otherwise expressly required in this Zoning Code, proposed new construction and exterior alterations are subject to the Site Plan Review procedures of Sec. 1111.0800.
(Ord. 247-20. Passed 7-13-20.)
1107.0301 Applicability.
Off-street parking spaces must be provided in accordance with the maximum ratios of the following, Schedule A. In lieu of complying with the maximum standards of Schedule A, an applicant may request approval of an Alternative Parking Plan, pursuant to Section 1107.1400.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0302 Maximums.
No use may provide more than any of the maximum off-street parking ratios of Schedule A, except through approval of an Alternative Parking Plan pursuant to Section 1104.0100. This provision notwithstanding, Alternative Parking Plan approval is not required for four or fewer parking spaces. This provision is not to be interpreted as requiring Alternative Parking Plan approval for, or the removal of, parking spaces that legally exist on a site.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0303 How to use Off-Street Parking Schedules A, B, C and D.
Look up the use category in Schedule A to find the maximum number of parking spaces allowed. Schedule A mirrors the uses found in the Use Table of Section 1104.0100. Some uses in Schedule A utilize a formula to determine the number of allowed parking spaces. These formulas are given in Schedule B for selected commercial uses and Schedule C for selected industrial uses. Schedule D gives the procedure to use when a study must be used to determine parking needs.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0304 Schedule A.
Use Category | Maximum Number of Off-Street Parking Spaces Allowed | Minimum Number of Bicycle Parking Slots Required (See Section 1107.0900 below) |
Use Category | Maximum Number of Off-Street Parking Spaces Allowed | Minimum Number of Bicycle Parking Slots Required (See Section 1107.0900 below) |
Residential | ||
Household Living | ||
Detached House | No maximum | None |
Detached House (Zero Lot Line) | No maximum | None |
Attached House | No maximum | None |
Duplex | No maximum | None |
Cluster Housing | No maximum | None |
Manufactured Home within an RMH District | No maximum | None |
Multi-Dwelling Structure [1] | 2 per dwelling unit plus 1 space per 10 units for visitor parking | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Adult Foster Home | 3 per dwelling unit | None |
Certified Foster Home | 3 per dwelling unit | None |
Elderly and Disabled | See Section 1107.0700
| 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Group Living | ||
Adult Family Home | 1 per employee | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Residential Facility, Small | 1 per employee | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Residential Facility, Large | 1 per employee | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Drug/Alcohol Residential Facility | 1 per employee | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Halfway House | 1 per 4 residents plus 1 per employee | None |
Nursing Home | 1 per 2 residents/beds | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Rest Home | 1 per 2 residents/beds | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Home for the Aging | 1 per 2 residents/beds | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Group Rental | 2 per sleeping quarter | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Homeless Shelter | 1 per 2 residents/beds | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Other Group Living | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Public and Civic | ||
Colleges and Universities | 1 per 4 students, faculty, and staff | |
Community Recreation | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Marinas | 2 per boat space, plus spaces for other associated uses | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Cultural Exhibits and Libraries | 1 per 500 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Day Care | ||
Type A Family Day Care Home | No maximum | None |
Type B Family Day Care Home | No maximum | None |
Day Care Center | 1 per 3 person-capacity or 1 per 200 square feet, whichever is greater | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Hospital | 1 per 2 beds | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Lodge, Fraternal and Civic Assembly | 1 per 200 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Postal Service | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Public Safety | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Religious Assembly | 1 per 3 seats or 1 per 50 square feet of seating area, whichever is greater | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Schools, Elementary and Middle | 1 per faculty member plus 1 per 2 staff members plus 1 space per 25 students for student drop-off and pick-up | 1 per 3 students plus 1 per 10 parking spaces for faculty and staff |
Schools, High | 1 per 5 students plus 1 per faculty member plus 1 per 2 staff members plus 1 space per 25 students for student drop-off and pick-up | 1 per 3 students plus 1 per 100 parking spaces for faculty and staff |
Utilities and Services, Minor | None | |
Utilities and Services, Major | None | |
Commercial Use Types | ||
Animal Services | ||
Sales and Grooming | None | |
Kennels | None | |
Veterinary | 1 per 200 square feet | None |
Building Maintenance Services | 1 per vehicle used in business, plus 1 per 500 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Business Equipment Sales and Services | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Business Support Services | 1 per vehicle used in business, plus 1 per 250 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Communications Service Establishments | 1 per 250 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Construction Sales and Services | 1 per 250 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Eating and Drinking Establishments | ||
Tavern | 1 per 2 employees plus 1 per 75 square feet of customer area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Fast Order Food | 1 per 2 employees plus 1 per 75 square feet of customer area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Fast Order Food, Drive- Through | 1 per 2 employees plus 1 per 75 square feet of customer area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Restaurant, Sit-Down | 1 per 2 employees plus 1 per 75 square feet of customer area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Electronic Gaming Parlor | 1 per 300 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Entertainment and Spectator Sports | ||
Limited | 1 per 25 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
General | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Services | 1 per 250 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Food and Beverage Retail Sales | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Funeral and Interment Services | ||
Cremating | 1 per vehicle used in the business | None |
Interring | 1 per vehicle used in the business | None |
Undertaking | 1 per 100 square feet | None |
Cemeteries | None | |
Gasoline and Fuel Sales | 1 per pump (count as if parked at pump) plus 1 per 200 square feet | None |
Hair Salon | 1 per 75 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Medical Services | ||
Drug and Alcohol Treatment Center, Nonresidential | 1 per 200 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Other Medical Services | 1 per 100 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Office, Administrative and Professional | 1 per 200 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Parking, Commercial | No maximum | per Section 1107.0903 |
Personal Convenience Services | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Personal Improvement Services | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Rental Halls | 1 per 2 employees plus 1 per 75 square feet of customer area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Repair Services, Consumer | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Retail Sales, General | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Sexually Oriented Business Establishment | 1 per 75 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Sports and Recreation, Participant | ||
Indoor | 1 per 100 square feet | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Outdoor | 1 per 300 square feet of customer/activity area | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Tattoo and Body Piercing | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Tobacco Shop | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Transient Habitation | ||
Bed and Breakfast | 0.1 per sleeping room | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Lodging | 2 per room, plus spaces allowed for associated uses | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Rooming House | 1 per rooming unit | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Vehicle Sales and Service | ||
Cleaning/Washing | 4 | None |
Fleet Storage | 1 per employee | None |
Heavy Equipment Repairs | 3 per service bay | None |
Light Equipment Repairs | 3 per service bay | None |
Heavy Equipment Sales/Rental | 1 per 5,000 square feet of open sales area, plus 1 per 500 square feet of enclosed sales area, plus 2 per service bay | None |
Auto and RV Sales/Rental | 1 per 5,000 square feet of open sales area, plus 1 per 500 square feet of enclosed sales area, plus 2 per service bay | None |
Storage of Nonoperating Vehicles | 1 per employee | None |
Storage of Recreational Vehicles | 1 per employee | None |
Industrial Use Types | ||
Explosive Storage | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Freight Terminal | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Industrial, General | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Industrial, Intensive | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Laundry Service | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Manufacturing and Production, Limited | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Manufacturing and Production, Technological | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Scrap and Salvage Operations | 2 per acre | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Wholesale, Storage and Distribution | ||
Mini-Warehouse | 5 + 1 per 250 rental spaces | 1 per 10 parking spaces |
Light | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Heavy | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Other Use Types | ||
Marijuana Facilities | ||
Cultivator | None | |
Dispensary | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Processor | None | |
Testing Laboratory | 1 per 10 parking spaces | |
Mining | None | |
Recycling Facilities | ||
Large Collection Facilities | None | |
Small Collection Facilities | None | |
Processing Center | None | |
Urban Agriculture | ||
Major | None | |
Minor | None | |
Wireless Telecommunications Facilities | ||
Co-located Facility | None | |
Freestanding Facility | None | |
Table Notes
[1] Check Section 1107.0200 for special parking districts, such as the Central-City Parking District, for applicable parking reductions.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 402-11. Passed 8-23-11; Ord. 552-11. Passed 11-29-11; Ord. 359-17. Passed 8-22-17; Ord. 158-18. Passed 4-24-18; Ord. 353-18. Passed 8-28-18; Ord. 23-24. Passed 1-17-24; Ord. 285-25. Passed 6-17-25; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0701 Parking Reservation.
The maximum parking for units restricted pursuant to Section 1107.0703 is one space for every two units plus an area on the site reserved for future parking to accommodate one parking space per dwelling unit. All other parking provisions of Chapter 1107 shall apply.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.0702 Review Procedures.
Unless otherwise expressly required in this Zoning Code, Elderly and Disabled projects are subject to the Site Plan Review provisions of Section 1111.0800.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0703 Occupant Restricted.
Occupancy of a specified number of dwelling units will be restricted to households with a disabled or elderly member.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0801 Applicability.
The Division of Transportation may require a traffic study prepared by qualified experts for any development of over 50,000 square feet and for multi-dwelling developments of over 40 units. Modification of existing developments may also require a Traffic Study.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0802 Scope.
Traffic studies shall indicate the effect of the proposed development on adjacent streets and also indicating the anticipated points of origin and direction and the amount of traffic flow to and from the development.
(Ord. 170-04. passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0901 Number.
Except as provided below, bicycle parking slots shall be provided pursuant to Off-Street Parking Schedule "A," Section 1107.0300.
B. When the provision of bicycle parking slots is required, the minimum number of slots provided shall be two.
C. No more than 50 bicycle parking slots shall be required for any listed use category.
D. The Planning Director may waive the bicycle parking requirements for a particular use if the owner or operator can demonstrate in writing, supported by evidence, that the use does not generate any bicycle usage.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0902 Standards.
A. Bicycle parking pursuant to this Section is a space at least 2 feet by 6 feet per parking slot and must consist at a minimum of either:
1. Poles, racks, or other structures, fixed securely to the ground or a building, to which a bicycle may be locked or chained; or
2. Space in a locked structure, room, or enclosure.
B. Areas used for required bicycle parking shall be:
1. Paved and drained to be reasonably free of mud, dust, and standing water; and
2. Well-lighted.
C. Up to two vehicle parking spaces required under this chapter may be used for bicycle parking.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.0903 Commercial Parking.
A Commercial Parking facility must provide bicycle parking area equivalent to one parking space, or two parking spaces if the facility has more than 200 parking spaces. The space must contain lockers, hard covers or shells, or other similar structures or devices in which bicycles may be individually covered and locked.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1101 Multiple Uses.
Unless otherwise approved, lots containing more than one use may provide parking and loading in an amount equal to the total of the maximums for all uses.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.1102 Rounding of Fractions.
In computing the number of allowed spaces any fractional number may be rounded to the next highest whole number.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.1103 Area Measurements.
Unless otherwise specifically noted, all area-based (square feet) parking and loading standards must be computed on the basis of gross floor area, which is to be measured as all of the gross floor area on each floor of the building whether or not such area is enclosed by walls. Interior areas, other than garages, used for off-street parking or loading facilities are not counted in calculating the number of parking spaces required.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1104 Occupancy- or Capacity-Based Standards.
For the purpose of computing parking requirements based on employees, students, residents or occupants, calculations are to be based on the greatest number of persons working on any single shift, the maximum enrollment or the maximum fire-rated capacity, whichever is applicable and whichever results in the greater number of spaces.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1105 Bench Seating.
When seating consists of benches, pews or other similar seating facilities, each 20 linear inches of seating space counts as one seat.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1201 General.
Required off-street parking spaces must be located on the same lot as the principal use except as otherwise expressly provided in this section. (See Section 1107.1407C.)
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1202 Setbacks.
A. Residential Districts. In Residential Districts:
1. No parking space may be located within the front yard, except that parking spaces for detached houses, attached houses, and duplexes may be located on a driveway;
2. The paved area of driveways serving detached houses, attached houses, or duplexes may not cover more than 40 percent of the front yard up to a maximum driveway width of 24 feet;
3. Off-street parking spaces are prohibited within required landscape buffers;
4. Off-street parking areas serving multi-dwelling and nonresidential uses must be set back at least 10 feet from all RS and RD Zoning Districts. See Chapter 1108 for applicable landscaping and screening requirements; and
B. Commercial and Industrial Districts. Off-street parking facilities, including vehicular drives and maneuvering areas, in Commercial or Industrial Districts are prohibited within:
1. Required landscape buffers (see Chapter 1108);
2. 15 feet, and for properties over 5 acres and/or those with over 500 feet of frontage 30 feet, of street rights-of-way, except for approved driveways from streets;
3. 25 feet for properties less than 5 acres and/or those with less than 500 feet of frontage of the street right-of-way when located within 50 feet of a Residential district that fronts on the same street as the lot containing the off-street parking area; and
4. 10 feet from all RS and RD Districts.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1203 Street Access.
A. Ingress and egress to a parking lot in a Commercial or Industrial Zoning District must be from a major street or from a street located in a Commercial or Industrial District with Commercial or Industrial zoning on the opposite side of the street.
B. Pursuant to Chapter 911 of the Streets, Utilities and Public Services Code, Section 911.16, no driveway shall be constructed or reconstructed to serve a commercial or industrial use if such driveway is less than 65 feet from the intersecting curb line to its nearest side on the stop side of any major street unless approved by the Division of Transportation.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1301 Residential Districts - New Plat.
Sidewalks shall be constructed, at the time of development, along all public streets in a new plat in:
A. RS 12, RS9, and RS6 districts in which the average lot width is 100 feet or less at the right-of-way line; and
B. All other Residential Districts regardless of lot width.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1302 Residential Districts -Existing Plat.
Unless otherwise provided in this Zoning Code, sidewalks shall be provided at the time of development, on any parcel along public streets within Residential Districts, when at least 50 percent of the frontage is undeveloped, or has sidewalks already installed, or a combination of the two.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1303 Commercial Districts.
Sidewalks shall be constructed along all public streets, at the time of development, of any parcel in any Commercial District.
1107.1304 Additional Requirements.
For development subject to an institutional master plan or major site plan review, additional sidewalks along public streets and internal walkway systems may be required.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1305 Construction Standards and Timing.
The minimum standards for the construction of sidewalks in the public right-of-way under this section shall be the improvements standards of the Subdivision Regulations.
A. Such standards may be required for internal walks with provision for continued maintenance and/or specific standards as may be required to insure serviceability.
B. Construction shall be deferred to correspond with any delay approved under the City Subdivision Regulations, and may be deferred in other cases for not more than 6 months after occupancy provided a bond or other approved assurance of performance is posted.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
(Ord. 170-04. passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1401 Scope.
An Alternative Access and Parking Plan represents a proposal to provide off-street parking spaces in excess of allowed maximums established in the parking schedules of this Chapter.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.1402 Applicability.
Applicants who wish to provide a greater number of off-street parking spaces than allowed in the off-street parking schedules of this Chapter (Secs. 1107.0201(B), 1107.0300, 1107.0400 or 1107.0500) must secure approval of an Alternative Access and Parking Plan, in accordance with the standards of this Section.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 305-17. Passed 7-25-17; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.1403 Contents.
Alternative Access and Parking Plans must be submitted to the Planning Director. At a minimum, such plans must detail the type of alternative proposed and the rationale for such a proposal, including supporting research on or documentation of parking demand for the proposed use.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1404 Review and Approval Procedure.
The Planning Director is authorized to approve, approve with conditions, or deny Alternative Access and Parking Plans. Decisions of the Planning Director may be appealed to the Plan Commission.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1405 Recording.
An attested copy of an approved Alternative Access and Parking Plan must be filed with the Lucas County Recorder's office for recordation on forms made available in the Plan Commission office. No building permit, parking lot permit, or use and occupancy certificate may be issued without proof of recordation of the agreement.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1406 Violations.
Violations of an approved Alternative Access and Parking Plan will be considered violations of this Zoning Code and subject to enforcement and penalty under Chapter 1115.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1407 Eligible Alternatives.
A. General. The Planning Director is authorized to approve off-street parking spaces in excess of allowed maximums or any of the parking increases and access alternatives in this subsection if the applicant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Planning Director that the proposed plan:
1. Will not adversely affect surrounding neighborhoods;
2. Will not adversely affect traffic congestion and circulation; and
3. Will have a positive effect on the economic viability or appearance of the project or on the environment.
B. Shared Parking. It is the City's stated intention to encourage efficient use of land and resources by allowing users to share off-street parking facilities whenever feasible. The Planning Director may authorize an increase in the number of allowed off-street parking spaces for multiple use developments or for uses that are located near one another and that have different peak parking demands or different operating hours. Shared parking arrangements are subject to the following standards.
1. Location. Shared off-street parking spaces may be located no further than 1,320 feet from the buildings and uses they are intended to serve, measured along the shortest legal, practical walking route. The Planning Director may waive this distance limitation if adequate assurances are offered that adequate van or shuttle service will be operated between the shared lot and the principal use. If the shared parking spaces are located off-site, they must comply with the off-site provisions of Section 1107.1407C.
2. Zoning Classification. Shared parking areas are accessory to the principal uses that the parking spaces serve. Shared parking areas require the same or a more intensive zoning classification than that required for the most intensive of the uses served by the shared parking area, unless approved as a Special Use pursuant to Section 1111.0700.
3. Required Study and Analysis. The applicant must submit a shared parking analysis to the Planning Director that clearly demonstrates the feasibility of shared parking. The study must address, at a minimum, the size and type of the proposed development, the composition of tenants, the anticipated rate of parking turnover and the anticipated peak parking and traffic loads for all uses that will be sharing off-street parking spaces.
4. Shared Parking Agreement. A shared parking plan, assuring the retention of shared parking spaces, must be enforced through written agreement among the owners of record. The agreement must be properly drawn and executed by the parties concerned and approved as to form and execution by the Law Department. The agreement must be recorded as required in Section 1107.1405. The parties to the agreement may revoke the shared parking agreement only if the otherwise required off-street parking spaces are provided on-site or if an Alternative Access and Parking Plan is approved by the Planning Director.
C. Off-Site Parking. The Planning Director may permit all or a portion of the allowed off-street parking spaces to be located on a remote and separate lot from the lot on which the principal use is located, subject to the standards of this section.
1. Location. No off-site parking space may be located more than 1,320 feet from the primary entrance of the use served, measured along the shortest legal, practical walking route. This distance limitation may be waived by the Planning Director if adequate assurances are offered that van or shuttle service will be operated between the shared lot and the principal use.
2. Zoning Classification. Off-site parking areas are accessory to the principal uses that the parking spaces serve. Off-site parking areas require the same or a more intensive zoning classification than that required for the most intensive of the uses served by the shared parking area, unless approved as a Special Use pursuant to Section 1111.0700.
3. Off-Site Parking Agreement. An off-site parking plan, assuring the retention of off-site parking spaces, must be enforced through written agreement among the owners of record. The agreement must be properly drawn and executed by the parties concerned and approved as to form and execution by the Law Department. The agreement must be recorded as required in Section 1107.1405. The parties to the agreement may revoke the agreement only if the otherwise required off-street parking spaces are or if an Alternative Access and Parking Plan is approved by the Planning Director.
D. Bicycle Parking. The Planning Director may authorize an increase in the number of allowed offstreet parking spaces for developments or uses that make special provisions to accommodate bicyclists. Examples of accommodations include enclosed bicycle lockers, employee shower facilities and dressing areas for employees. A reduction in parking may not be granted merely for providing outdoor bicycle spaces.
E. Transit Stops. The Planning Director may authorize up to a 20 percent increase in the number of allowed off-street parking spaces for developments that provide transit stops if the following conditions are met:
1. The transit stop must be designed to be a waiting area for transit riders, clearly identified as such, and open to the public at large;
2. The transit stop must be designed as an integral part of the development project, with direct access to the waiting area from the development site; and
3. The transit waiting area must be designed to accommodate passengers in a covered waiting area, with a capacity of at least five persons and must include internal lighting and other features that encourage use of the facility, such as temperature control within the waiting area.
4. The transit stop shall be owned and/or maintained as part of the project unless other arrangements are made to the satisfaction of TARTA.
F. Pervious Parking. The Planning Director may authorize all or a portion of allowed off-street parking spaces (not to include drive aisles) to be provided on permeable/porous surfaces, subject to the following criteria.
1. The findings of the Planning Director shall indicate what number or percentage of allowed parking spaces may be so provided.
2. The permeable/porous surface shall meet the approval of the Division of Engineering Services, Division of Environmental Services, Fire Prevention Bureau and Division of Transportation.
3. Parking spaces, aisles, etc. shall be marked by flags, biodegradable dyes or paints, or some other method that does not kill grass or plants.
4. Permeable/porous surfaces shall be adequately drained.
5. Permeable/porous parking areas shall be maintained by the property owner for their intended function for the duration of its life.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 253-09. Passed 4-28-09; Ord. 419-25. Passed 9-9-25.)
1107.1601 Minimum Number of Spaces.
Off-street stacking spaces must be provided as follows, in consultation with the Commissioner of Transportation:
Activity Type | Minimum Number of Stacking Spaces | Measured to Right-of-Way Line From |
Bank teller lane | 4 | Teller or Window |
Automated teller machine | 3 | Teller |
Pharmacies | 4 | Window |
Restaurant drive-through | 7 | Order Box |
Car wash stall, automatic | 10 | Pay station |
Car wash stall, self-service | 3 | Entrance |
Gasoline pump island | 1 | Pump island |
Other | Determined by Division of Transportation based on Traffic Study | |
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04; Ord. 151-25. Passed 4-8-25.)
1107.1602 Design and Layout.
Required stacking spaces are subject to the following design and layout standards.
A. Size. Stacking spaces must be a minimum of 10 feet by 20 feet in size.
B. Location and Design. Stacking spaces may not be located in the street right-of-way and must be located and designed to ensure safe and efficient movement of pedestrians and vehicles. Designated pedestrian crossings at least 5 feet wide must be provided to ensure pedestrian safety. Pedestrian walkways that cross vehicle stacking lanes must be clearly marked though the use of durable, low maintenance surface materials such as pavers, bricks, scored concrete or scored and painted asphalt. Raised walkways may be installed if elevated 6 inches with tapered sides and meet ADA standards. Stacking spaces must be separated from other internal walkways or driveways by raised medians if the Division of Transportation determines that such improvements are necessary for traffic movement and pedestrian safety.
1107.1701 Number of Spaces.
The following table shows the minimum number of accessible spaces that must be provided. Parking spaces designed for persons with disabilities are counted toward fulfilling off-street parking standards. These standards may not be varied or waived, see Revised Code Section 3781.111.
Total Parking Spaces Provided | Required Number of Accessible Spaces | ||
Auto | Van | Total | |
1-25 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
26-50 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
51-75 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
76-100 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
101-150 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
151-200 | 5 | 1 | 6 |
201-300 | 6 | 1 | 7 |
301-400 | 7 | 1 | 8 |
401-500 | 7 | 2 | 9 |
501-1,000 | 7 per 8 accessible spaces | 1 per 8 accessible spaces | 2% of total spaces |
1,001+ | 20, plus 1 per 100 spaces over 1,000 | ||
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1702 Minimum Dimensions.
All parking spaces reserved for persons with disabilities must comply with the parking space dimension standards of this Section, provided that aisles must be provided immediately abutting such spaces, as follows:
A. Car-Accessible Spaces. Car-accessible spaces must have at least a 5-foot wide aisle abutting the designated parking space.
B. Van-Accessible Spaces, Van-accessible spaces must have at least an 8-foot wide aisle abutting the designated parking space.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1703 Location of Spaces.
Required spaces for persons with disabilities must be located in close proximity to building entrances and be designed to permit occupants of vehicles to reach the building entrance on an unobstructed path.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1704 Signs and Marking.
Required spaces for persons with disabilities must be identified with signs and pavement markings identifying them as reserved for persons with disabilities. Signs must be posted directly in front of the parking space at a height of no less than 60 inches and no more than 72 inches above pavement level.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1705 Ramps.
Ramps shall be provided as needed for access to the adjacent sidewalk or entrance.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-2304.)
1107.1801 Vehicle Repair.
Vehicles in residential districts may be repaired, serviced or maintained if:
A. The motor vehicle repaired, serviced or maintained is owned by and registered to a person who resides on the lot.
B. The removal of any vehicle components, including but not limited to engines, transmissions, radiators, wheel assemblies, doors and hoods, shall be performed only within an enclosed garage or, lacking a garage on the lot, within an area which is wholly enclosed from view by a wall or fence conforming to the requirements of this Zoning Code.
C. The prohibition of work on vehicles not owned by a resident on the lot is stated in Section 1105.0405B.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1802 Recreational Vehicles, Recreational Equipment and Utility Trailers.
Outside parking or storage of recreational vehicles, recreational equipment and utility trailers in a Residential district is subject to the following standards.
A. Such vehicles, equipment and trailers must be stored only on premises containing an occupied residential use.
B. The required side setback between and adjacent to the main residential structure and the lot line may not be used for the parking or storage of recreational vehicles, recreational equipment or utility trailers.
C. Recreational vehicles, recreational equipment and utility trailers must be located 3 feet or more behind the front building line of the main residential structure on the parcel. This requirement applies on both lot frontages of a corner parcel.
D. All recreational vehicles, recreational equipment and utility trailers parked or stored behind the main residential structure must be set back from the lot lines in accordance with the following schedule:
1. For vehicles, equipment and trailers not more than 5 feet in height or 22 feet in length, a minimum setback of 3 feet is required.
2. For vehicles, equipment and trailers more than 5 feet but not more than 8 feet in height and not more than 22 feet in length, a setback of not less than 3 feet may be maintained so long as such equipment is at least 10 feet from all dwelling units on adjoining parcels.
3. One foot of setback must be added to the minimum of 3 feet setback for each foot of height in excess of 8 feet and for each 2 feet in excess of 22 feet provided no such vehicle, equipment, or trailer may be closer than 10 feet to a dwelling unit on an adjoining parcel.
E. Recreational vehicles and equipment so parked or stored may not have fixed connections to electricity, gas, water or sanitary sewer facilities and at no time may this equipment be used for living or housekeeping purposes.
F. Recreational vehicles, recreational equipment and utility trailers so parked and stored must be maintained in usable condition and may not be parked or stored longer than 1 year without a current Ohio license.
G. Notwithstanding the setback provisions of this section, recreational vehicles, recreational equipment, and utility trailers may be temporarily parked in a driveway for loading and unloading purposes for not more than 24 hours in any calendar week.
H. In the event of a conflict between this section and Chapter 1729 of the Health Code, this Section will prevail.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-2304.)
1107.1803 Commercial Vehicle Parking.
A. No commercial vehicle, or other vehicle that infringes on the residential character of a Residential Zoning District may be stored or parked in a Residential District, with the exception of infrequent, short-term parking of a commercial vehicle during the time necessary for:
1. Conveying tools and materials to premises where labor using such tools and materials is being performed;
2. Delivery of goods to a dwelling unit; or
3. Moving furniture to or from a dwelling unit.
B. Utility trailers not used for commercial purposes are exempted from paragraph A above and shall be parked or stored in accordance with Section 1107.1802.
C. One truck on site is exempted from paragraph A above when associated with a Home Occupation as stated in Section 1105.0407C.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1901 Access.
Off-street parking lots and loading areas must be designed with an appropriate means of vehicular access to a street, place, or alley in a manner that will least interfere with traffic movement and shall be subject to the approval of the Division of Transportation. See Section 1109.0300 for additional design considerations concerning Large Scale Retail Projects.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1902 Striping.
To facilitate movement and to help maintain an orderly parking arrangement, all parking spaces and aisles must be clearly striped, with a minimum width of 4 inches. The width of the parking stall shall be computed from the centers of the striping. When a parking space is designated for the use of persons with disabilities, it shall be clearly marked and signed as provided in Section 1107.1704 above and by The Ohio Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1903 Layout.
There must be safe, adequate, and convenient arrangement of pedestrian walkways (See Sections 1109.0103, 1109.0204A.., and 1109.0304 for walkway provisions), bikeways, roads, driveways, and off-street parking and loading spaces within off-street parking areas. Streets, pedestrian walks, parking areas, and open space shall be designed as integral parts of an overall site design, which must be properly related to existing and proposed buildings, adjacent uses and landscaped areas.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1904 Maneuvering Area.
All parking and loading spaces must have sufficient access and maneuvering area.
A. The maneuvering area for a parking space may occur anywhere on a parcel except within any required landscape buffers. The maneuvering area may include an aisle or circulation area. For detached houses, attached houses, or duplexes, the maneuvering area may include a driveway, street, place, or parking space.
B. The Division of Transportation may waive the requirement for maneuvering area only for a parking lot that has and continues to have an operator on duty during all hours of operation.
C. Backing directly onto a street, place, or driveway where it could create interference with through or entering traffic flow is prohibited. An area for backing up or maneuvering to an adjacent aisle shall be provided at the end of a parking lot row. This provision does not apply to detached house, attached house, duplex, cluster housing or manufactured housing type dwellings.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1905 Appearance.
The materials used in the design of paving, lighting fixtures, retaining walls, fences, curbs and benches must be of good appearance, easily maintained, and indicative of their function.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1906 Surfacing and Drainage.
Off-street parking and loading spaces, parking lots, maneuvering areas, aisles and driveways shall be surfaced with concrete, bituminous asphalt, or other dust-free material other than gravel or loose fill, and be graded to drain all surface water towards the interior of the parking lot or to a stormwater system subject to the regulations and approval of the Department of Public Utilities.
(Ord. 155-16. Passed 4-26-16.)
A. An internal storm drainage system shall be provided and connected to the nearest outlet, subject to the regulations and approval of the Department of Public Utilities.
B. All off-street parking, loading and other vehicle circulation areas shall be graded and continuously maintained and designed to preclude free flow of stormwater across or onto adjacent lots, properties, or streets.
C. Concrete curbs may also be required as part of the overall drainage design for all or part of the parking lot or driveway perimeter.
D. The Planning Director may authorize all or a portion of required off-street parking spaces (not to include drive aisles) to be provided on permeable/porous surfaces. A permeable/porous parking area shall be maintained by the property owner for its intended function for the duration of its life.
(Ord. 253-09. Passed 4-28-09.)
1107.1907 Wheel Stops.
A. Whenever a parking lot extends to a property line, sidewalk, planting strip, or building, a wheel stop device consisting of a concrete stop, a permanent concrete curb, an expanded sidewalk or other suitable restraint as approved by the Planning Director must be installed to prevent any part of a parked motor vehicle from extending beyond the property line, overhanging a pedestrian walkway or sidewalk, or damaging any structure or landscaping.
B. The minimum height of a wheel stop device shall be 5 inches, with a minimum length of 6 feet when used in conjunction with a 90-degree parking space. The minimum distance from a wheel stop device to a property line or protected area shall be 2.5 feet.
C. A wheel stop device is not required when a guardrail or other suitable barrier is used to prevent the vehicle from intruding into a protected area.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1908 Lighting.
Lights and light fixtures used to illuminate any parking or loading area must be selected and arranged to direct and reflect the light away from any adjacent residential property and public ways and away from the sky above the light fixture.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1909 Maintenance.
Parking lots must be maintained in a safe operating condition so as not to create a hazard or nuisance. All materials used in the construction of paving, lighting fixtures, retaining walls, fences, curbs and benches must be continuously maintained and kept free of debris and hazards.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1910 Litter Receptacles.
Litter receptacles, for the use of parking area users and others, must be provided in off-street parking areas in accordance with the provisions of Part 9 Street, Utilities and Public Services Code, Section 963.22. A litter receptacle is treated as an accessory structure and must be:
A. In a designated location that does not interfere with any aisle, driveway, parking space or loading space or other circulation area;
B. Located outside the required setback area;
C. Shown for the purpose of location on the site plan; and
D. Maintained according to the requirements of the Toledo-Lucas County Health Department.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1911 Dimensions.
A. Parking.
All new or altered off-street parking areas must comply with the following dimensional standards:
Dimension (in feet) | Angle | |||
45 | 60 | 75 | 90 | |
A. Stall Depth to Wall | 17 | 18.5 | 19 | 18 |
B. Stall Depth Parallel to Vehicle | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
C. Aisle Width | 12 | 16 | 22 | 25 |
D. Stall Depth to Interlock | 15 | 17 | 18 | 18 |
F. Stall Width (Parallel to Aisle) | 12.7 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 9 |
G. Stall Width Perpendicular to Vehicle | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
H. Module Width Wall to Wall | 46 | 54 | 60 | 61 |
I. Module Width Interlock to Interlock | 42 | 51 | 58 | 61 |
Table Notes:
[1] For bumper overhang deduct 1.5 feet from stall depth to wall or 3 feet from wall to wall for 45o and 60o parking. Deduct 2 feet from stall depth to wall or 4 feet from wall to wall 75o and 90o parking.
[2] Where natural and/or man-made obstacles, obstructions or other features such as but not limited to landscaping, support columns or grade difference exist, the Commissioner of Transportation may approve a reduction in stall width, stall length and/or module width. In all instances where a reduction is requested, attention to emergency vehicle access must be considered and incorporated into the parking lot design.
B. Loading. Required loading spaces must have a minimum vertical clearance of 15 feet, with minimum dimensions of 10 feet by 25 feet. For uses of over 25,000 square feet, loading spaces must have minimum dimensions of 12 feet by 50 feet.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)
1107.1912 Landscaping.
Parking lot landscaping must be provided in accordance with Chapter 1108.
(Ord. 170-04. Passed 3-23-04.)