The Airport Commercial Zoning District 1 (AC-1) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This District is intended to accommodate small-scale convenience centers, which are under one roof, and served by an adequate off- street parking area and which are designed to meet the incidental daily convenience needs of immediately adjacent residential areas. This District is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the District residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area and/or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 Height and Obstruction Criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   AC-1 Zoning to a maximum of twenty five feet (25').

      2.   Below the approach zone or a maximum of twenty five feet (25') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

Barber and beauty shops.

Craft and hobby shops.

Daycare services.

Flower shops.

Professional offices.

Retail clothing stores.

Retail establishments selling a line of convenience goods similar to that of supermarkets but more limited in scale.

Retail food services.

Self-service car washes.

Self-servicing laundry and self-service dry-cleaning establishments; laundry or dry-cleaning pick-up outlets.

Similar commercial-retail activities. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

All developments in AC-1 Zoning Districts shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

Except as may be elsewhere provided herein, no accessory buildings, structures or uses shall be permitted except off- street parking and loading, trash enclosures and accessory signs. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

Area, height, bulk and placement requirements are as follows:

 

 

(Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Storage:

      1.   Outdoor: The outdoor storage of goods or materials shall be provided.

      2.   Indoor: Warehousing or the indoor storage of goods or material beyond that normally incidental to permitted uses shall be prohibited.

   B.   Landscaping: The City Council may require landscaping to promote compatibility with the neighborhood.

   C.   Gaming: The City Council may permit gaming as an accessory use in conjunction with the principal uses permitted herein. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

Airport Commercial Districts 2 (AC-2) and 3 (AC-3) are hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

These Districts are intended to accommodate all commercial uses customarily found in a commercial area, including, but not limited to, retail and service activities, office buildings, public and quasi-public land uses. These Districts are governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the District residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area and/or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 Height and Obstruction Criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of C-2, C-3 Zoning or:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   AC-2 Zoning District: Within the AC-2 Zoning District, but outside locations for planned shopping centers, recreational vehicle parks and the AC-3 Zoning District, commercial land uses customarily found along highways may be permitted. Such uses may include, but not be limited to, gas service stations, motels and restaurants.

      1.   All gas stations shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedures as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title.

      2.   All structures intended to be located within one hundred fifty feet (150') of any residential zoning district shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title.

   B.   Planned Commercial Shopping Centers: Within the AC-2, AC-3 Zoning Districts, planned shopping centers are permitted. The following standards and policy shall apply to planned shopping centers:

      1.   Street Access Requirements: Such projects shall be permitted only on a site which abuts an arterial street or highway. Curb cut requirements shall be as follows:

         a.   State Highways: In accordance with Nevada Highway Department Rules and Regulations.

         b.   City Streets: Seventy five feet (75') minimum between curb cuts.

      2.   Required Yards: All buildings and structures, including, but not limited to, service areas and access drives, shall be set back not less than thirty feet (30') from side and rear property lines and not less than forty feet (40') from the future or existing street right-of-way line of an abutting street.

      3.   Screening For Residential Property; Approval: In addition to other buffer requirements, when the back of the development is across the street from property in a residential district, then a solid fence or hedge not less than six feet (6') in height shall be installed and maintained by the developer to screen the back of the project from the residential property. Such screening shall be approved by the city council.

      4.   Internal Traffic Circulation: All parking spaces within planned commercial district parking lots shall be provided with chocks to prevent nondesired traffic movements and to facilitate the channelization of vehicular circulation.

      5.   Pedestrian Walkways: A system of pedestrian walkways shall be provided so as to separate vehicle and pedestrian movements.

      6.   Conditional Use Permit: It shall be the policy of the city to require a conditional use permit for all planned commercial shopping centers.

   C.   Recreational Vehicle Parks (RVPs): Within the AC-2 zoning district, recreational vehicle parks (RVPs) are permitted. For the purpose of reviewing such proposed developments, the following shall apply:

      1.   A conditional use permit shall be required.

      2.   Such RVPs shall meet all applicable state and city requirements as part of the conditional use permit review.

   D.   AC-3 Zoning District: The AC-3 zoning district will contain the community's most intensive commercial land uses. This zone is primarily intended for hotel/casino type establishments.

      1.   Commercial Activities: Within this area, all commercial activities will be permitted.

      2.   Structures: Within the AC-3 zoning district, all structures intended to be located within one hundred fifty feet (150') of any residential zoning district shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in chapter 10 of this title.

      3.   Light Manufacturing: Within the AC-3 zoning district, light manufacturing activities, such as printing and newspaper production, saddle manufacture and similar uses may be permitted in accordance with the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in chapter 10 of this title. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

      4.   Building Setbacks: Building setbacks are defined by the international building code. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

      5.   Minimum Lot Dimension: Ten thousand (10,000) square feet.

   E.   Public And Quasi-Public Uses: Within the AC-2, AC-3 zoning districts, public and quasi-public uses may be permitted.

   F.   Commercial Zone Abutting Residential Zone: When a commercial zone abuts a residential zone, then a solid fence not less than six feet (6') in height shall be installed and maintained by the developer to screen the commercial project from the residential property. Such screening must be approved by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The Airport Restricted Commercial District (ARC) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Sexually Oriented Businesses: This District is intended to accommodate sexually oriented business uses as defined in Section 8-12-2 of this Title which shall be permitted in Airport Restricted Commercial zoned areas.

   B.   Other Uses Permitted: General Commercial, Light Industrial and General Industrial uses may be permitted in the ARC Zone provided there has been adherence to all requirements of this Article.

   C.   General Regulations:

      1.   The City Council may require landscaping sufficient to promote the compatibility with the neighborhood.

      2.   The outdoor storage of goods or materials shall be prohibited.

   D.   Conditional Use Permitted: All development and use in the ARC Zoning District shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This District is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the District residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area and a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 Height and Obstruction Criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of C-2 Zoning or:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The Overlay (O) District is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This District is primarily intended to accommodate all commercial uses customarily found in a commercial area C-2, C-3, AC-2 or AC-3 including, but not limited to, retail and service activities, office buildings, public and quasi-public land uses. This District is also intended on a secondary level to accommodate all light industrial uses customarily found in an M-1 or AM-1 area. M-1 and AM-1 uses within the O District must be compatible and operate without disruption to those uses found under the C-2, C-3, AC-2 and AC-3 Zoning Districts. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   All applicable use regulations and restrictions apply to the O Zoning District, which are applicable for the specific use. Refer to C-2, C-3, AC-2, AC-3, M-1 or AM-1 Zoning regulations and restrictions including setbacks, yards, and conditional use permit requirements.

   B.   This District is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the District residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area and a runway approach surface area:

      1.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

      2.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 Height and Obstruction Criteria.

      3.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

         a.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

         b.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

         c.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

All development and use in the O Zoning District shall be subject to the conditional use permit procedure as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The airport light industrial district (AM-1) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The airport light industrial district shall consist of all lands within the city designated on the official zoning map. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Minimum Area: In an AM-1 district, there is a required minimum lot area of eight thousand (8,000) square feet.

   B.   Minimum Lot Width: In an AM-1 district, there is no required minimum lot width. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   C.   Minimum Front And Rear Yard Setback: Required minimum front and rear setbacks in the (AM-1) light industrial district shall be ten feet (10') when abutting R zoned property. Otherwise setbacks will be as defined by the international building code.

   D.   Minimum Side Yard Setback: Required minimum side yard setback in the airport light industrial district shall be ten feet (10') when abutting R zoned property. Otherwise setbacks will be defined by the international building code. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

   E.   Off Street Parking And Loading: All requirements set forth in chapter 9 of this title must be adhered to.

   F.   Screen Walls: A screen wall, as set forth in subsection 8-3-7B of this title, is required for all AM-1 uses within one hundred fifty feet (150') of an R district. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the district residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 height and obstruction criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district permits warehouses, moving and storage terminals, manufacturing and processing plants as follows:

Air express office or depot.

Ambulance service.

Animal boarding, breeding, kennel.

Appliance repair.

Assembly of products and materials.

Automobile repairs.

Automobile storage (no dismantling).

Bottling plant.

Building materials storage yard or sales.

Cabinet shop.

Construction equipment and supplies.

Contractor's equipment, supplies and services.

Crating and hauling depot, crate storage.

Electric light and power company yard.

Electrician shop.

Equipment rental, storage, servicing and repair.

Funeral homes and mortuary.

Laboratories (medical, dental, optical, chemist, veterinarian).

Laundry, steam or wet wash (processing plant).

Lumberyard.

Manufacturing or products and materials.

Metallurgical lab.

Packaging.

Paint storage, shop.

Pest control business.

Plumbing shop.

Recycling center.

Sheet metal shop.

Storage units.

Utility companies.

Warehousing, motor freight, dry goods, liquor, tobacco, mover, mail order and the like.

All other commercial and industrial uses which complement light industrial uses as determined by the City Council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The accessory permitted uses in the Airport Light Industrial District are auto parking and uses incidental to utility companies. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The airport planned light industrial district (APML) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

With the AM-1 district, an airport planned industrial district (APML district) may be established in accordance with the following:

   A.   Principal Permitted Uses: Uses permitted on a lot or parcel having the required area, width and yards.

   B.   Uses: Advertising distribution; bottling plant; blueprinting; dairy products distribution; electronics manufacturing and assembly; freeport storage facilities; furniture warehouse and repair; laboratories; photofinishing (wholesale); printer or publisher; manufacture and assembly of medical and dental equipment; drafting; optical and musical instruments; watches; clocks; toys and games; fire stations; municipal buildings and other light industrial uses; light manufacturing, processing, assembly, fabricating, or storage of certain specified products or materials; offices related to the industry itself, corporate and professional offices.

   C.   Conditions:

      1.   Conditional Use Permit: Issuance of a conditional use permit following review by the city council and in accordance with this article is required for all APML uses.

      2.   Outside Storage: Any outside storage shall be suitably screened from the view of public rights of way by walls, planting or other barrier to the satisfaction of the city council.

      3.   Landscaping: Provisions for landscaping shall be included in the development plan to be submitted for conditional use permit approval. These shall include, but are not limited to, screen planting, lawn areas, trees, shrubs, fences and walls. It shall be the responsibility of the owner or developer to carry out this program and to provide such maintenance and care as is required to obtain the effect intended by the original plan. All landscaping shall be planned and maintained to the satisfaction of the city council. A screen wall as set forth in subsection 8-3-7B of this title, is required for all APML uses within one hundred fifty feet (150') of an R-1, R-2, or RMF district.

   D.   Parking: Appropriately surfaced facilities, subject to review as a part of the conditional use permit and to include consideration of the following:

      1.   Number of employees at a major shift.

      2.   Customer requirements.

      3.   Special equipment and vehicle requirements.

      4.   Reserve for plant expansion.

      5.   Access and maneuvering space.

      6.   Ingress and egress points.

      7.   Avoidance of routing traffic through established residential neighborhoods.

   E.   Required Area And Width: Five (5) acre minimum development area with ten thousand (10,000) square feet minimum lot area within the development, one hundred fifty foot (150') average widths, unless otherwise permitted by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   F.   Yards: Shall be as defined in the international building code. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

The Airport General Industrial District (AM-2) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

All uses in this Zone will be required to obtain a conditional use permit as set forth in Chapter 10 of this Title. All uses permitted in AC-2 and AC-3 Zones, plus all general industrial uses and those of similar nature, are intended to be permitted:

Ammunition manufacturing.

Asphalt manufacturing.

Assembly plant.

Bulk fuel station.

Cement or direct product sales.

Chemical manufacturing.

Cold storage plants.

Concrete batch plants.

Die casting.

Distillation of liquor.

Drilling company equipment yard.

Dye manufacturing.

Electronics manufacturing.

Electroplating.

Extrusion of metals.

Farm products storage.

Foundry.

Hide and tallow processing, leather tanning.

Junk dealers yard.

Machine shop.

Metal working plant.

Mining and/or raw materials processing.

Mobile home, camper manufacturer. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Storage Yards: All outside storage areas, which are visible from the public right of way, shall be suitably screened from the surrounding area by walls, planting or other barrier to the satisfaction of the City Council.

   B.   Industrial Zone Abutting Residential Zone: When an industrial zone abuts a residential zone, then a solid fence not less than six feet (6') in height shall be installed and maintained by the developer to screen the industrial project from the residential property. Such screening shall be approved by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

All setbacks shall be as defined by the international building code except when abutting residential property, whereupon setbacks for all yards abutting residential property shall not be less than twenty five feet (25'). (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

This district is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the district residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 height and obstruction criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The aeronautical district (A) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The primary use of the aeronautical district is for the establishment and development of aeronautical related facilities, both commercial and industrial, to enhance the economic vitality and diversification of the area.

Air express/freight offices or depots.

Aircraft and aviation storage facilities.

Aviation related maintenance facilities.

Aviation related offices and operations.

Education offices and/or operations, which require such access (i.e., flight schools, military academies, etc.).

Museums.

Public or quasi-public buildings or uses which complement the aeronautical district as determined by the city council.

Terminal buildings. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The accessory permitted use in the aeronautical district is auto parking. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Setbacks: All setbacks shall be as defined by the international building code except when abutting residential property, whereupon setbacks for all yards abutting residential property shall not be less than twenty five feet (25'). (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

   B.   Storage Yards: All outside storage areas, which are visible from the public right of way, shall be suitably screened from the surrounding area by walls, planting or other barrier to the satisfaction of the city council.

   C.   Facilities: As a practical matter, all facilities developed under the aeronautical zoning district will be located to take advantage of access to the aeronautical apron areas, taxiways and runways available for air commerce. In consideration of such, all developments under the aeronautical district will be required to adhere to federal aviation administration FAR part 139, FAR part 107 and FAR part 77 requirements and all other related federal, state and city regulations deemed applicable by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the district residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 height and obstruction criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The foreign trade zone district (FTZ) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The primary use of the foreign trade zone district is for the establishment and development of facilities, which are specific in relation to a federal trade program designed to enhance the competitiveness of U.S. based businesses versus their overseas counterparts. This includes both general purpose zones and subzones. Development would include, but not be limited to: duty exemption on reexports, relief from inverted tariffs, duty elimination on waste and scrap, no duty on rejected or defective parts, duty deferral, no duty on domestic content or value added, relief from state and local ad valorem taxes, duty savings on sales to the U.S. military, NASA, or other government agencies.

Facilities, which would be permitted include, but are not limited to:

   Automotive manufacturing.

   Chemical manufacturers.

   Distribution operations.

   Electronics manufacturers.

   Oil refineries.

Other manufacturing or processing approved by the foreign trade zones board.

   Pharmaceutical manufacturers.

Public or quasi-public buildings, which are deemed, appropriate by the foreign trade zones board. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Setbacks: All setbacks shall be as defined by the international building code except when abutting residential property, whereupon setbacks for all yards abutting residential property shall not be less than twenty five feet (25'). (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

   B.   Storage Yards: All outside storage areas, which are visible from the public right of way shall be suitably screened from the surrounding area by walls, planting or other barrier to the satisfaction of the city council.

   C.   Facilities: As a practical matter, all facilities developed under the foreign trade zone district will be located to take advantage of access to the aeronautical apron areas, taxiways and runways available for air commerce. In consideration of such, all developments under the foreign trade zone district will be required to adhere to federal aviation administration FAR part 139, FAR part 107 and FAR part 77 requirements and all other related federal, state and city regulations deemed applicable by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the district residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 height and obstruction criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The bonded warehousing district (W) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   A.   Minimum Area: In a W district, there is a required minimum lot area of ten thousand (10,000) square feet.

   B.   Minimum Lot Width: In a W district, there is no required minimum lot width. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

   C.   Minimum Front And Rear Yard Setback: Required minimum front and rear setbacks in the W bonded warehousing district shall be ten feet (10') when abutting R zoned property. Otherwise setbacks will be as defined by the international building code.

   D.   Minimum Side Yard Setback: Required minimum side yard setback in the bonded warehousing district shall be ten feet (10') when abutting R zoned property. Otherwise setbacks will be defined by the international building code. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999; amd. Ord. 2005-07, 12-20-2005)

   E.   Off Street Parking And Loading: All requirements set forth in chapter 9 of this title must be adhered to.

   F.   Screen Walls: A screen wall, as set forth in subsection 8-3-7B of this title, is required for all W uses within one hundred fifty feet (150') of an R district. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district is governed by the following aeronautical restrictions, which pertain to the district residing within an airport influence area, a transitional surface area or a runway approach surface area:

   A.   No noise sensitive development (i.e., residential, schools or hospitals).

   B.   Development must comply with FAR part 77 height and obstruction criteria.

   C.   Building height restricted to the maximum of:

      1.   One hundred feet (100') if within an airport influence area.

      2.   Fifty feet (50') if within a transitional surface area.

      3.   Below the runway approach zone or a maximum of one hundred feet (100') if within an approach zone, whichever is least. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This district permits warehouses, moving and storage terminals, which are established and developed to take advantage of the bonded warehousing tax structure. These would include, but are not limited to, the following:

Air express office or depot.

Materials storage, warehousing and sales including motor freight, dry goods, mail order and the like.

All other operations or facilities, which complement the bonded warehousing uses as determined by the city council. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The Runway Approach Zone District (RPZ) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This District is established to protect and further the use of the aeronautical facilities, which would accompany such a Zone. This District has direct relation to the end of a runway and is established as such per appropriate Federal Aviation Administration design criteria for a particular runway facility. This Zoning District prohibits any development or construction of structures. Land use within a Runway Approach Zone District is restricted to open space or agriculture only. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

The Buffer Open Space Zone District (BOSZ) is hereby created. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)

This District is established to protect and further the use of the aeronautical facilities, which would be adjacent to such a Zone. This Zoning District is intended to provide for an increased level of safety and separation of varying types of land use with regard to air operations located in the vicinity of the Zone. This Zoning District prohibits any development or construction of structures other than those related to and deemed appropriate by the City Council with regard to taxiways and access lanes to and from aviation facilities. Land use within a Buffer Open Space Zone District is restricted to access development, open space or agriculture only. (Ord. 99-03, 8-17-1999)