The length, width and acreage of street blocks shall be sufficient to accommodate the size lot required in the zone district in which it is to be located and to provide for convenient access, circulation control, and traffic study.

Blocks over 1,000 feet in length within residential areas shall be discouraged, but where they are used, pedestrian crosswalks or bikeways between lots may be required in locations deemed necessary by the Planning Beard. No block within a residential area shall exceed 1,500 feet in length.

Within commercial and industrial areas, block lengths shall be sufficient to meet area and yard requirements for such uses and to provide proper street access and circulation.

Buffer areas shall require site plan review and are required along all lot lines and street lines which separate a nonresidential use from either an existing residential use or residential zoning district. Buffer areas shall be developed in an aesthetic manner for the primary purpose of screening views and reducing noise perception beyond the lot. No structure, use, activity, storage of materials, stormwater management facility or parking of vehicles shall be permitted within a buffer area, except as may be permitted within an individual zoning district. This provision shall not be construed to prevent driveways and walkways between the street and the use within the site or utilities providing service to such use.

The standards for the location and design of buffer areas are intended to provide flexibility in order to provide effective buffers. The location and design of buffers shall consider the use of the portion of the property being screened, the distance between the use and the adjoining property line, differences in elevations, the type of buffer such as dense planting, existing woods, a wall or fence, buffer height, buffer width, and other combinations of man-made and natural features. The buffer shall be designed, planted, graded, landscaped and developed with the general guideline that the closer a use or activity is to a property line, or the more intense the activity is to a property line, or the more intense the use, then the more effective the buffer area must be in obscuring light and vision and reducing noise beyond the edges of the lot.

All buffer areas shall be planted and maintained with either grass or ground cover together with a screen of live shrubs or scattered plantings of live trees, shrubs, or other plant material meeting the following standards:

Constructed screening shall consist of a masonry wall or barrier or a uniformly painted fence of one material highly resistant to weather conditions or decay and at least six feet in height, no more than eight feet above finished grade at the point of construction. Such wall, barrier or fence may be opaque or perforated, provided that not more than 50% of its area is open.

Required minimum buffer widths. The minimum buffer widths shall be determined through the application of the existing and proposed land uses as indicated in the Required Minimum Buffer Widths Table.[1] Buffers shall not be required for uses in the B-3 District; however, walls or fences may be required in accordance with Subsection D at the discretion of the Board of Jurisdiction to meet the purposes of this section.

Relationship of buffers to pervious coverage and open space. Buffers shall be considered pervious coverage in the determination of lot coverage. Buffers shall count towards any required open space percentage, provided they otherwise meet the dimensional standards for such open space.

Reverse frontage buffer for residential uses. Reverse frontage screening shall be required where residential units or lots back onto any arterial or major collector street, as indicated on the Circulation Plan of the City. The following landscape treatments shall be provided in order to screen private residential spaces from the roadway.

Concrete structures shall conform to the American Society for Testing Materials, cement designations C-150, Type 1 for standard portland cement; C-150, Type 3 for high early strength portland cement; and C-175, Type 1-A for air-entraining portland cement. Vinsol resin or Darex A.E.A. shall be used as the air-entraining agent, and both fine and coarse aggregate shall conform to the requirements therefor of the New Jersey Department of Transportation Standard Specifications, as amended and supplemented.

The following standards shall be met unless modified by the City Engineer:

The standard monolithic concrete curb and gutter will be required along the pavement edge of streets in conformance with the improvement standards as defined and shown in Diagrams 1 through 3, Typical Roadway Sections and Details, and Diagram 4, Standard Details — Curb and Gutter, which are hereby made a part of this chapter. At the discretion of the Planning Board upon advice of the City Engineer, roll-type curb may be permitted along local street in conformance with the improvement standards defined and shown in the aforementioned Diagrams 1 through 3, Typical Roadway Sections and Details, and Diagram 4, Standard Detail — Curb and Gutter, which are a part of this chapter. Concrete shall be Class B.[1]

Expansion joints shall be provided at intervals of 20 feet or when new construction abuts existing construction. The expansion joints shall be filled with one-half-inch thick cellular material conforming to the requirements therefor contained in the Standard Specifications of the New Jersey Department of Transportation, as amended to date, to within 1/2 inch of the top and face of the curb and to within 1/4 inch of the top of the gutter. All joints shall extend the full depth of the structure.

Finished curbs and gutters shall be true to applicable grades, lines, dimensions, and curvatures. Exposed edges shall be neatly rounded to a one-half-inch radius. Completed work shall be protected from traffic and the elements and shall be kept moist for at least three days. Damaged, broken or cracked work shall be renewed by the contractor at his expense.

Whenever and wherever feasible, buildings shall be sited so as to make maximum use of sunlight or winds in connection with energy generation and/or conservation. All buildings and structures hereinafter erected or constructed, altered or added onto shall use renewable energy sources, with the limits of practicability and feasibility dependent on the proposed use of the structure and its location. Where an applicant can demonstrate that literal enforcement of the provisions of this chapter will prevent or substantially impair or reduce energy conservation methods or technologies, the approval authority may waive or adjust the standards, including, through variance procedures as set forth in § 30-94, maximum and minimum yard dimensions as shown on the Schedules of District Regulations. In so doing, the approval authority shall determine that the intent and purpose of this chapter and the adopted Master Plan are met, and that adjoining properties and/or their environment will not be adversely affected by the waiver, adjustment or variance.

In the case of new developments, the majority of all structures in the development shall have their long axis located within 30º of true South.

Wherever plantings are proposed or required as provided under the provisions of this chapter, no plantings of trees, shrubs or any object shall be permitted which will result in shading or interfering with solar access to the south wall of any proposed or existing building. When reviewing proposed landscaping for any proposed development, the approving authority shall not require or permit, where reasonably able to do so, any planting or the placement of an object or structure which will substantially interfere with solar access to adjacent buildings or existing solar devices or structures.

All dead-end roads will terminate in an area adequate to provide ingress and egress for fire-fighting equipment.

The rights-of-way of all roads will be maintained so that they provide an effective fire break.

All proposed developments of 25 units or more will have two accessways to public rights-of-way and the accessways shall be of such width and surface composition sufficient to accommodate and support fire-fighting equipment.

Wherever a central water supply system will serve a development, provision shall be made for fire hydrants along the streets, driveways and/or on the walls of nonresidential structures as approved by the City Fire Department or other appropriate fire official, the City Engineer and in accordance with fire insurance rating organization standards.

Every principal building shall be built upon a lot having frontage on a public street, either improved to City specifications and standards, or for which the improvements have been ensured by the posting of a performance guaranty as provided in this chapter.

Where a building or lot has frontage upon a street which is shown on an adopted Master Plan or Official Map of the City and which street is proposed for right-of-way widening, the required front yard area shall be measured from such proposed right-of-way line(s).

Membership by all property owners, condominium owners, stockholders under a cooperative development and other owners of property or interests in the project shall be mandatory. Required membership and the responsibilities upon the members shall be in writing between the organization and each member in the form of a convenant with each agreeing to liability for his/her pro rata share of the organization's costs.

The organization shall be responsible for liability insurance, taxes, maintenance and any other obligations assumed by the organization, and shall hold the municipality harmless from any liability. The organization shall not be dissolved and shall not dispose of any open space or property by sale or otherwise, except to an organization conceived and established to own and maintain the open space or property for the benefit of such development, and thereafter such organization shall not be dissolved or dispose of any of its open space or property without first offering to dedicate the same to the municipality or municipalities wherein the land is located.

The assessment levied by the organization upon each member may become a lien on each member's property. The organization shall be allowed to adjust the assessment to meet changing needs.

The organization shall clearly describe in its bylaws all the rights and obligations of each tenant and owner, including a copy of the covenant, model deeds and Articles of Incorporation of the organization and the fact that every tenant and property owner shall have the right to use all common properties. These shall be set forth as a condition of approval and shall be submitted prior to the granting of final approval by the Planning Board.

The Articles of Incorporation, covenants, bylaws, model deeds, and other legal instruments shall ensure that control of the organization shall be transferred to the members based on a percentage of the dwelling units sold and/or occupied and shall clearly indicate that in the event such organization shall fail to maintain the common open space or common property or lands in reasonable order and condition, the City may serve written notice upon such organization or upon the owners of the development setting forth the manner in which the organization has failed to maintain the common open space or common property or lands in reasonable condition, and the notice shall include a demand that such deficiencies of maintenance be cured within 15 days thereof, and shall state the date and place of a hearing thereon which shall be held within 15 days of the notice. At such hearing, the designated municipal body or officer, as the case may be, may modify the terms of the original notice as to deficiencies and may give a reasonable extension of time, not to exceed 65 days within which they shall be cured.

If the deficiencies set forth in the original notice or in the modification thereof shall not be cured within 15 days, or any permitted extension thereof, the City, in order to preserve the common open space and common property or land and maintain the same for a period of one year, may enter upon and maintain such land. The entry and maintenance shall not vest in the public any rights to use the common open space and common property and land, except when the same is voluntarily dedicated to the public by the owners. Before the expiration of the year, the City shall, upon its initiative or upon the request of the organization theretofore responsible for the maintenance of the common open space and common property of land, call a public hearing upon 15 days written notice to such organization and to the owners of the development, to be held by the City at which hearing such organization and the owners of the development shall show cause why such maintenance by the municipality shall not, at the election of the City, continue for a succeeding year.

If the municipality shall determine that such organization is ready and able to maintain the open space and property or land in reasonable condition, the municipality shall cease to maintain the open space and property or lands at the end of the year. If the City shall determine such organization is not ready and able to maintain the open space and property or land in reasonable condition, the City may, in its discretion, continue to maintain the open space and property or land during the next succeeding year, subject to a similar hearing and determination in each year thereafter. The decision of the City in any such case shall constitute a final administrative decision subject to judicial review.

The cost of such maintenance by the City shall be assessed pro rata against the properties within the development that have a right of enjoyment of the common open space and property of land in accordance with assessed values at the time of imposition of the lien, and shall be a lien and tax on the properties and be added to and be part of the taxes to be levied and assessed thereon, and enforced and collected with interest by the same officers and in the same manner as other taxes.

All shade trees shall have a minimum diameter of 2 1/2 inches measured three feet above the ground and shall be of a species approved by the approval authority or City Shade Tree Commission. Trees shall be planted 40 feet to 60 feet apart and parallel to but not more than 20 feet from the curbline and shall be balled and burlapped, nursery grown, free from insects and disease and true to species and variety. Stripping trees from a lot or filling around trees on a lot shall not be permitted unless it can be shown that grading requirements necessitate removal of trees, in which case those lots shall be replanted with trees to reestablish the tone of the area to conform with adjacent lots. Dead or dying trees shall be replaced by the developer during the next recommended planting season.

Off-street parking areas located in commercial or industrial zones which comprise parking for 25 or more vehicles shall be provided with living shade trees of a type or types as approved by the City Shade Tree Commission or Planning Board. The shade trees shall be located in a carefully planned manner within the parking lot area and in quantity equal to not less than one shade tree for every eight parking spaces, and they shall be so spaced and planted as to ensure their proper maintenance and full protection for health and continued growth.

At least 20% of the land area within the perimeter of the parking surface in commercial or industrial zones where 100 or more parking spaces are provided shall be developed as a landscaped divider strip. All such areas shall be planted with grass, shrubs, bushes and shade trees in order to alleviate an otherwise barren expanse of open area and unsightly appearance and as an aid to stormwater disposal. Adequate provisions shall be made to ensure that such landscaping shall be maintained in good condition.

Where parking islands or dividers are to be planted, they shall be a minimum of 7 1/2 feet wide when planted between rows of parking spaces. Where parking islands at the ends of parking bays are to be planted and landscaped, said islands shall be a minimum of 15 feet wide, and such planting shall be maintained at all times so that proper sight distances are maintained for the safe movement of traffic. All such parking islands shall be protected from intrusion and injury which could result from the movement of vehicles by the use of curbs or other equally effective means as approved by the City Engineer.

Planting strips shall be provided between adjoining parking lots in commercial zones to achieve safety and better control of vehicular movement from one parking lot to another. In such instances, no parking shall be allowed within five feet of the property line, on either side, thereby providing a total strip or island 10 feet wide sufficient for landscaping and/or screening, consistent with all applicable safety standards as approved by the City Engineer as set forth in this chapter.

Open space adjacent to buildings not surfaced, such as walkways, driveways, parking areas, utility areas or other required improvements in any apartment or multifamily dwelling project, shall be graded and seeded to provide a thick strand of grass or other ground cover material. Two suitable specimen trees and four evergreen shrubs, exclusive of those used in connection with parking or other open areas, shall be provided and properly planted for each building. All such landscaping shall be subject to the approval of any City Shade Tree Commission or, in the absence of a Commission, the Planning Board.

In connection with the demolition or removal of a structure from a site, any hole or excavation remaining or resulting from such demolition or removal shall be filled only with clean fill dirt. The dumping of masonry, concrete, wood, debris or rock shall be prohibited. The site of such demolition or removal shall have a layer of topsoil provided for the entire site in sufficient depth and quality to permit the planting, healthy growth and maintenance of a thick strand of grass which shall be planted by the person or firm responsible for the said demolition or removal. The City Engineer shall determine the suitability of the topsoil and seeding to be provided.

Where deemed appropriate and necessary to maintain the character of the street or neighborhood, the planting of shade trees shall be required. Such trees shall be approved by the City Shade Tree Commission or the Planning Board.

Lot dimensions and area shall not be less than the requirements of the minimum and maximum standards set forth on the Schedules of District Regulations which are a part of this chapter.

Insofar as is practical, side lot lines shall be either at right angles or radial to street lines.

Each lot must front upon an approved, paved street.

Through lots with frontage on two streets will be permitted only under the following conditions:

Where extra width has either been dedicated or anticipated for widening of existing streets, zoning consideration shall begin at such new street line, and all setbacks shall be measured from such line.

Whenever land has been dedicated or conveyed to the City by the owner of a lot in order to meet the minimum street width requirement or to implement the Official Map or Master Plan, which lot existed at the effective date of this chapter, the Construction Official shall not withhold a building and/or occupancy permit when the lot depth and/or area was rendered substandard due to such dedication and where the owner has no adjacent lands to meet the minimum requirements.

Allocations of costs, criteria in determining allocation. The allocation of costs for off-site and/or off-tract improvements as between the applicant, other property owners and the City, or any one or more of the foregoing, shall be determined by the Planning Board, with the assistance of the appropriate City agencies, on the basis of the total cost of the off-site or off-tract improvements, the increase in market value of the property affected and any other benefits conferred. The needs created by the application, population and land use projections for the general area of the applicant's property and other areas to be served by the off-site or off-tract improvement, the estimated time of construction of the off-site or off-tract improvements and the condition and periods of usefulness, which periods may be based upon the criteria of N.J.S.A. 40A:2-22. Requirements for off-site or off-tract improvements shall be consistent with Section 30 of P.L. 1975, Chapter 291. In addition, the following criteria may also be considered, as well as any other reasonable criteria the Planning Board feels is necessary to protect the health, safety and general welfare of the City.

Determination of cost of improvements. The cost of installation of the required off-site and/or off-tract improvements shall be determined by the Planning Board with the advice of the Planning Board and/or City Engineer and appropriate City agencies.

Manner of construction. When those estimates are received, the City Commission shall then decide whether the off-tract improvement(s) is to be constructed:

Amount of contribution. When the manner of construction has been determined, the applicant may be required to provide a cash deposit to the City of one of the following amounts:

Payment of allocated cost.

Assessment of properties. Upon receipt from the applicant of its allocated share of the costs of the off-tract improvements, the City may adopt a local improvements assessment ordinance for the purpose of construction and installation of the off-tract improvements based upon the actual cost thereof. Any portion of the cost of the improvements not defrayed by a deposit by the applicant may be assessed against benefiting property owners by the City. Any assessment for benefits conferred made against the applicant or his successors in interest shall be first offset by a pro rata share credit of the allocated costs previously deposited with the City Treasurer pertaining thereto. The applicant or his successors in interest shall not be liable for any part of an assessment for such improvements unless the assessment exceeds the pro rata share credit for the deposit, and then only to the extent of the deficiency.

Credit for work performed. In the event the applicant, with the City's consent, decides to install and construct the off-tract improvement, or any portion thereof, the certified cost shall be treated as a credit against any future assessment for that particular off-tract improvement, or portion thereof, constructed by the City in the same manner as if the developer had deposited its apportioned cost with the City Treasurer, as provided herein.

Installation of improvement by applicant.

Compliance to design criteria. Should the applicant and the City enter into a contract for the construction and erection of the off-tract improvements to be done by the applicant, it shall observe all requirements and principals or policies of this chapter in the design of such improvements.

There shall be appropriate means of access to a street or alley, as well as sufficient area to permit on-site maneuvering and docking.

The minimum dimensions of stalls and aisles in parking facilities shall be as follows:

Parking areas shall be designed to permit each motor vehicle to proceed to and from the parking space provided for it without requiring the moving of any other vehicle.

The width of entrance and exit drives shall be:

The maximum width of driveways and sidewalk openings measured at the street lot line shall be 35 feet, and the minimum width shall be 20 feet for loading facilities.

Parking and loading areas shall be paved with asphalt, bituminous or concrete material to minimize nuisance from dust. Pervious pavement also shall be permitted as long as it complies with the following:

For the purpose of servicing any property held under single and separate ownership, entrance and exit drives crossing the street line shall be limited to two along the frontage of any single street, and their center lines shall be spaced at least 80 feet apart in the case of loading facilities and 30 feet apart for parking areas. On all corner properties, there shall be spaced a minimum of 60 feet, measured at the curbline, between the center line of any entrance or exit drive and the street line of the street parallel to said access drive.

All loading spaces and access drives shall be at least five feet from any side or rear lot line.

All artificial lighting used to illuminate any loading space or spaces shall be so arranged that no direct rays from such lighting shall fall upon any neighboring property.

The arrangement of the off-street loading spaces shall be such that no vehicle would have occasion to back out onto the street.

Off-street loading spaces shall be designed and used in a manner as to at no time constitute a nuisance or a hazard or unreasonable impediment to traffic.

The screening requirements of § 30-155 shall be applicable to all loading areas, including access and maneuvering areas, abutting residential or commercial districts, and in the case of off-street parking areas of greater than 10 spaces, from all lots in an abutting R Residential District, including side lots situated across a street.

Parking and loading areas shall be properly graded and drained in order to dispose of all surface water and shall be maintained free of weeds, dust, trash and debris.

Wheel guards, bumper guards or continuous curbing shall be utilized so that no part of parked vehicles will extend beyond the property line of the parking area. One wheel stop shall be placed at the end of each parking space.

In reviewing site plans for freestanding buildings and structures and depending on individual site characteristics, consideration shall be given by the approving authority in its review thereof, to positioning that provides a desirable visual composition, avoids blocking natural scenic vistas or views, provides a desirable space enclosure, does not unnecessarily alter existing topography and natural features and otherwise respects established natural conditions and the character of surrounding buildings and structures, in particular those structures of historic significance as determined by a local, county, state or federal listing of such significance.

The approving authority shall also give consideration to the positioning of buildings and structures on the site with respect to energy conservation and the avoidance of prevailing winter winds and the maximizing of solar access and gain, both for the proposed structure(s) and any existing ones on adjoining properties.

Gravel base course shall be constructed in accordance with the provisions of Article 3.1 of the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction of the New Jersey Department of Transportation as currently amended. Gravel base course materials shall be soil aggregate, Type 2, Class B.

Bituminous-stabilized base course materials shall conform to requirements specified in Article 3.2A of the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction of the New Jersey Department of Transportation, as currently amended, for bituminous-stabilized base course stone mix. Before construction of the bituminous-stabilized base course, the gravel base course shall be in a properly finished condition conforming to the proper line and grade and free of soft spots or other deficiencies. Within 24 hours prior to the commencement of paving, the gravel base course shall be tested by running a roller of a weight as great or greater than that to be used in the paving operation over the entire pavement area. When, in the opinion of the City Engineer or his representative, such testing results in excess deformation, the developer will be required to stabilize the gravel base course in a manner satisfactory to the City Engineer.

The method of construction of the bituminous-stabilized base course shall conform to the same State of New Jersey specifications referred to above for base course material. Upon completion, uniformly selected core samples intact for full thickness of base course shall be provided, at the rate of one sample for every 1,000 square yards of base course, at the expense of the developer.

Where deficiencies in required thickness are noted, at least two additional cores will be required to determine the extent of the deficiency.

The average thickness of the bituminous-stabilized base course as determined from the core samples shall be not less than the thickness specified in Diagrams 1 through 3, Typical Roadway Sections and Details, which are a part of this chapter. When the thickness of the pavement as indicated by any core sample shall show a deficiency of 1/4 inch or more from the required thickness, the City Engineer, at his option, may direct the developer to:

Materials for the surface course, as shown on Diagrams 1 through 3, Typical Roadway Sections and Details, which are part of this chapter, shall be FABC-1, No. 5, as specified in Article 3.10 of the aforementioned New Jersey Department of Transportation Standard Specifications, which shall be placed over a properly installed and, where needed, repaired base course, a track coat as specified in Section 3.10 of the aforementioned New Jersey Department of Transportation's Standard Specifications shall be applied.

Sanitary sewer facilities shall be provided and installed in accordance with the specifications as set forth in this section and as required by the City Engineer. Sanitary sewer facilities shall be designed and installed for either immediate or future connection with a public or on-site community sanitary sewer system approved by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the City Commission of the City of Millville. In areas where a public sanitary sewer system does not exist or is not expected to be provided within a reasonable period of time in the opinion of the Planning Board, the Board may waive the requirement that sanitary sewer facilities be installed and connected to public sewer systems.

In those cases where a public sanitary sewer system is not presently available and the site of the proposed development is unsuitable for individual on-site septic systems as determined by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection or other county or local agency, an on-site community sanitary sewer system approved by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the City Commission shall be installed. On-site septic systems shall be provided in addition to the required installation of sanitary sewer systems (collection lines and other related facilities) for those areas expected to be provided with public sanitary sewers within a reasonable period of time. All individual on-site septic systems shall be installed within the front yard of the lots or in any area approved by the Construction Official in order to facilitate the eventual connection of the system to public facilities.

The approval authority may also as a condition of preliminary approval require the installation of sanitary sewer facilities necessary to permit connection to a public sanitary sewer system as provided for in connection with § 30-170.

All sanitary sewer systems shall comply with the rules and regulations established by the Department of Health, State of New Jersey, as amended. Sanitary sewer pipe shall be sized for full flow from the tract. The City may require larger pipe sizes to accommodate future extensions. Minimum grades for sanitary sewer lines shall be 4/10 of 1% for asbestos-cement pipe and 5/10 of 1% for vitrified clay pipe.

Cast-iron pipe, when used for sanitary sewers, shall be centrifugally cast and shall be provided with mechanical joints, with both pipe and joints conforming to applicable American Standards Association specifications. Cast-iron pipe shall be thickness Class 22 for pipe diameters of 12 inches or less and thickness Class 21 for pipe diameters of 14 inches or more. All cast-iron fittings, including Y-branches, shall conform to the requirements of the current American Waterworks Association's specifications therefor and shall be provided with joints suitable for use with adjoining pipe. Cast-iron fittings shall be Class D for fitting diameters of 12 inches or less and Class B for diameters of 14 inches or more. Cast-iron saddles shall be subject to the approval of the City Engineer.

Asbestos-cement pipe and fittings shall conform to applicable requirements of the American Society for Testing Materials specifications, as amended. Except where required for special conditions, asbestos-cement type pipe fittings shall be nonpressure Class 1500 for pipe diameters of 12 inches or less and Class 2400 for pipe diameters of 14 inches or more. All asbestos-cement pipe and fittings shall be furnished with sleeve-and-gasket-type couplings designed for use with the size and class of pipe specified.

Vitrified clay pipe and fittings shall conform to the applicable requirements of the American Society for Testing and Materials specifications, as amended. Except where required for special conditions, such as excessive depth, vitrified clay pipe fittings shall be standard strength. All vitrified clay pipe and fittings shall have factory-fabricated gasket-type couplings which conform to the American Society for Testing and Materials specifications therefor.

Excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements set forth for subsurface structure excavations. Applicable requirements for protecting excavations from cave-ins and water accumulations set forth under § 30-179, Stormwater management, shall apply. Pipes shall be laid in straight lines between manholes except where otherwise specifically provided by the City Engineer. When deviation from a straight line is permitted, the deflection of each joint shall not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum for the type, joint and size of pipe being installed. All pipes shall be laid to uniform grades between manholes. Each section of pipe shall be solidly bedded in the trench bottom and shall be supported for its full length except where excavation has been made for joints. Before making each joint, the ends of the pipes and all joint members shall be thoroughly cleaned. All jointing shall be done in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and the directions of the City Engineer. All visible leakage of any description and no matter where located shall be corrected by the contractor in a manner satisfactory to the City Engineer, whether or not the total leakage into the sewer is within the allowable maximum as determined by infiltration tests. Such infiltration tests shall be made when and as directed by the City Engineer, and no connections to flowing lines shall be made until the testing is complete and satisfactory results have been obtained. The contractor shall furnish all labor, material and equipment necessary for the infiltration tests. No section of sanitary sewer between adjacent manholes will be considered satisfactory or acceptable when the rate of infiltration exceeds 1/2 of the above-specified rate. Leakage in excess of the above shall be located and corrected by the contractor. Y-branch and service laterals which are not to be immediately connected to flowing lines shall be securely plugged so as to provide a permanently watertight seal, and the contractor shall accurately record the station and direction of each such stub. These shall also be located on the contractor's copy of the plans and permanently marked with a crosscut on the curb or a hub stake driven at the curbline.

Surface drainage systems adequately designed to accommodate all surface runoff coming to or accumulating on the tract shall be constructed. The determination of pipe sizes and box culverts shall be based on hydraulic computations using the rational method in which the actual watershed area tributary to the structure is measured and a minimum runoff coefficient is used which is based on Table 1 shown below. In cases where dense residential and business development is anticipated by the Planning Board, this coefficient should be increased as conditions require, to be determined by the City Engineer.

In general, it will be the objective of these standards to encourage the retention and disposal of all surface runoff on-site to the greatest extent practical given existing site conditions and the ability of downstream facilities to handle additional runoff to be generated by the site.

In general, where pipe sizes would be four feet in diameter or larger, open channels will be permitted. Such channels shall be properly cleared and graded, with side slopes not to exceed three feet horizontally to one foot vertically. Maximum design velocities for channels in feet per second shall not exceed three for fine sand to firm loam, five for stiff clay to hardpan and 15 for concrete-lined ditch. Velocity shall be controlled by the use of check dams or ditch banks, which shall be protected by the use of sod, riprap or paving, as design velocity dictates.

No storm drainage pipes of less than 12 inches in diameter or, if the run exceeds 50 feet, of less than 15 inches in diameter, shall be installed. Inlets shall be spaced so that the run of water in gutters does not exceed 1,000 feet or one block, whichever is less. Manholes or inlets shall be located where a change in grade or alignment or a storm drain occurs, but in any case not more than 500 feet apart. Where pipe sizes are increased, the invert of the larger pipe shall be dropped so the tops of the pipes will be at the same elevation. Outlet pipes shall extend to the edge of existing streams and must be provided with concrete headwalls or suitable end sections. Underdrains with minimum pipe size of six inches must be constructed where groundwater interferes with the stability of the road base or with development construction.

Where pipe drains a low point from which there can be no surface runoff without flooding curbs and sidewalk areas, the design shall be based on the municipal standard rainfall curves shown in Figure 1 and shall be based on a ten-year storm. In other cases, the pipe size may be based on a two-year storm. Box culverts shall be designed on the basis of a fifteen-year storm. Pipe grades shall be so designed that a minimum velocity of 2 1/2 feet per second will be obtained when the pipe is flowing 1/4 full. All drainage calculations must be preliminary reviewed and approved by the City Engineer.

Subsurface structure excavations shall be carried out by the contractor and, only where considered necessary by the City Engineer, shall be carried below the required facility installation level to remove and replace unstable soils with thoroughly tamped gravel, crushed stone or crushed slag. Adequate bracing, shoring and sheeting shall be installed to protect workmen, members of the public, public and private property and the work underway. Where deemed necessary by the City Engineer, the contractor shall provide, install and operate an adequate well-point system for dewatering to stabilize excavation bottoms and banks.

Unless otherwise specified in specific situations by the City Engineer, reinforced concrete pipe, when used, shall be Class III, Wall B. All reinforced concrete pipe shall have flexible rubber-type gasket joints, with both pipe and gasket conforming to the American Society for Testing and Materials specifications therefor, as amended and revised to date. When used, corrugated metal pipe and pipe arch shall conform to the requirements of the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) specifications therefor, as amended and revised to date. All corrugated metal pipe and pipe arch shall be fully bituminous coated in accordance with current New Jersey Department of Transportation specifications therefor.

When used, corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe arch shall conform to the requirements of AASHO designation M-196-62 or AASHO designation M-211-65. The aluminum alloy sheets shall conform to the requirements of ASTM B209 Alloy Alclad 3004-H34.

Where used, cast-iron pipe, together with mechanical joints, shall conform to the American Standards Association specifications therefor, and unless otherwise specified by the City Engineer, cast-iron pipe shall be Class 22 for pipe diameter of 12 inches or less and thickness Class 21 for a pipe diameter of 14 inches or more.

All drainage pipe shall be laid in straight lines between drainage structures except when otherwise specifically provided. When deviation from a straight line is permitted, the deflection of each joint shall not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum for the pipe, joint and size of pipe being installed. All pipe shall conform to specified lines, grades and dimensions.

No deflective or leaking pipes, joints, connections, manholes, inlets or other parts of the work will be acceptable. All visible leakage of any description, no matter where located, shall be corrected by the contractor in a manner satisfactory to the City Engineer.

All developments may incorporate on-site stormwater detention or impoundment facilities as indicated earlier, in the following manner:

If the drainage characteristics of the soils permit, vegetation can be used as an effective way to reduce stormwater runoff. Bioretention of stormwater integrated into landscaped infiltration areas, swales, or rain gardens can provide temporary storage of runoff as well as on-site infiltration. Such design will be permitted if soil tests indicate a capacity for this design and if drainage calculations demonstrate the capacity of such facilities to accommodate the anticipated stormwater runoff. Indigenous species must be utilized for bioretention strategies. A maintenance plan must also be provided to ensure irrigation and weeding of site.

Access.

Driveways. Any driveway providing access from a public street or way to any permitted use or structure shall comply with the following regulations:

Bikeways.

Sidewalks.

Sight triangles.

Streets.

Where water is accessible from a servicing utility, the developer shall arrange for the construction of water mains in such a manner as to make adequate water service available to each lot, dwelling unit or use within the development. The entire system shall be designed in accordance with the requirements and standards of the City, county and/or state agency having approval authority and shall be subject to its approval. The system shall also be designed with adequate capacity and sustained pressure for present and probable future development. Minimum City specifications shall be as follows:

Where public water is not available, potable water supply shall be provided to each lot on an individual well basis. Such wells shall be designed in accordance with the requirements and standards of the City and/or state agency having jurisdiction thereof.

Where, due to natural features or special conditions, a literal enforcement or the provisions of this article will result in unnecessary hardship or be detrimental to the stated goals and objectives of the City's development policy as expressed in the adopted City Master Plan, the Planning Board may, by resolution, grant such waiver from or adjustment to the requirements thereof as will not be contrary to the public interest and will not subvert the objectives of the City Master Plan and this chapter. Financial hardship or disadvantage shall not be sufficient cause or proof of hardship.

All requests for waivers or adjustments to the design standards contained herein shall be submitted in writing to the approval authority and shall clearly set forth the reason why literal enforcement would cause hardship or be contrary to stated planning objectives or goals.

In reviewing such requests, the approving authority shall give consideration to the development size, anticipated or recognizable adverse impacts to be created or increased by it, natural and existing conditions at the development or adjacent thereto, the purpose or reason of the development, and reasonable feasibility of design standards to the development proposed.