For the purpose of this division, the town council finds and declares as follows:

(1)

It is in the best interests of the residents of the town to reduce vehicular congestion on residential streets and to facilitate the efficient movement of traffic by providing for residential parking preference during certain hours of the day within certain areas meeting the criteria set forth in this article;

(2)

Residential permit parking regulation is necessary to promote the health, safety and welfare of the residents of the town by providing adequate parking spaces adjacent to or close by their places of residence for temporary use;

(3)

It is in the public interest to:

a.

Reduce hazardous traffic conditions resulting from the use of streets located within congested residential areas for the parking of vehicles by persons using such residential areas to gain access to other places;

b.

Protect those areas from excessive noise;

c.

Protect the residents of those areas from unreasonable burdens in gaining access to their residences;

d.

Preserve the character of those areas as residential districts;

e.

Promote efficiency in the maintenance of these streets in a clean and safe condition;

f.

Preserve the value of the property in those areas;

g.

Preserve the safety of children and other pedestrians; and

h.

Promote traffic safety, clean air and the comfort, health, convenience and welfare of the inhabitants of the town.

i.

Ensure that residential permit parking regulation provides temporary and infrequent use of on-street parking spaces so that adequate parking availability is maintained for all participating residents.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(1), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

The following words, terms and phrases, when used in this division, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning:

Abuse means the usage of permits (both residential and visitor/service) in a manner inconsistent with the declarations of section 134-2291 to include usage that avoids primary parking on private property, when available, on a regular basis and instead utilizes on-street permit parking. Abuse shall also include the excessive and continual usage of multiple permits.

Commuter vehicle means a motor vehicle parked in a residential area by a person who is not a resident of the designated residential area.

Controlled parking residential area means a contiguous or nearly contiguous area containing streets or parts thereof primarily abutted by property that has a specific residential zone designation on the official zoning map of the town and that is designated for restricted residential parking by the town manager or his designee, pursuant to criteria and procedures established in this division.

Calendar year means the period beginning January 1 and ending December 31 of the same year.

Resident means a person who owns or leases real property within a residential area and who maintains either a voting residence or bona fide occupancy or both at that address.

Residential parking permit means a special permit issued under this division for the privilege of parking on a street designated as a controlled parking residential area.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(2), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 001-2022, § 1, 3-8-22; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

Cross reference— Definitions generally, § 1-2.

Editor's note— Ord. No. 2-2014, § 1, adopted May 14, 2014, repealed § 134-2293, which pertained to designation of controlled parking residential areas, and derived from Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(3), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94.

(a)

A residentially zoned area shall be deemed eligible for designation as a controlled parking residential area for residential permit parking if parking therein is impacted by commuter vehicles between 8:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. of any day.

(b)

The following objective criteria are established to be used in evaluating the need for restricted parking in a residentially zoned area in accordance with this division. For an area, however big or small, to be eligible for residential permit parking, that area must meet the following criteria:

(1)

During any period between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., the number of vehicles parked or standing, legally or illegally, on the streets in the area is equal to 50 percent or more of the legal on-street parking capacity of the area. For purposes of this criterion, a legal parking space shall be 20 linear feet measured parallel to the curb or pavement edge.

(2)

During the same period as in subsection (b)(1) of this section, 25 percent or more of the vehicles parking or standing on the streets in the area are not registered in the name of a person residing in the area. For purposes of this criterion, the latest available information from the state department of motor vehicles regarding registration of motor vehicles shall be used.

(3)

In determining whether an area identified as impacted and eligible for residential permit parking shall be designated as a controlled parking residential area, the following factors shall be considered:

a.

The local needs with respect to clean air and environment in residential areas.

b.

The possibility of a reduction in total vehicle miles driven in the town.

c.

The likelihood of alleviating traffic congestion, illegal parking and related health and safety hazards.

d.

The proximity of public transportation to the residential area.

e.

The desire and need of the residents for residential permit parking.

f.

The need for parking regulation to maintain the residential character of neighborhoods.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(4), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94)

(a)

In order to determine whether a particular area should be designated as a controlled parking residential area, the town council can request or the town manager may conduct, upon his own initiative or upon a petition of a majority of the households on a proposed residential block addressed to the town manager, a study to determine if the proposed area meets the criteria set forth in section 134-2294. Following the study, the town manager shall determine whether to designate the proposed area under consideration as a controlled parking residential area or to remove the designation of a previously established controlled parking residential area. The town council may also request the town manager to designate an area as a controlled parking residential area based upon a study previously conducted, if the criteria set forth in section 134-2294 are met.

(b)

When the town manager finds the criteria to designate have been met in a controlled parking residential area, he shall cause the regulation to be recorded upon an appropriate map of the town and retained permanently in the office of the town clerk. The town clerk shall also keep an updated residential area parking map, or reasonable facsimile thereof, in an appropriate location on the town's website. In addition, the town manager shall cause parking signs to be erected upon public streets in the area, indicating the times, locations and conditions upon which parking shall be by permit only. When an area has been approved, designated and posted as a controlled parking residential area, it shall be unlawful and a violation of this division to park a commuter vehicle in an area restricted to residential permit parking only without having a valid residential parking permit affixed on the left rear bumper of the vehicle, or in the case of a residential visitor parking permit, appropriately displayed within the vehicle.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(5), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 2-2014, § 2, 5-14-14)

(a)

Following the official designation of a controlled parking residential area, the finance department shall issue appropriate residential parking permits. Upon application a permit shall be issued only to the owner or operator of a motor vehicle who resides in the controlled parking residential area in which he resides.

(b)

The application for a permit shall contain the name of such owner or operator of the motor vehicle; residential address; and the motor vehicle's make, model and registration number. The motor vehicle's registration may, at the discretion of the finance department, be required to be presented at the time of making the application in order to verify the contents thereof. If the vehicle is registered at an address other than the local residence, the applicant shall provide other sufficient proof, acceptable to the finance department, showing residency within the controlled residential parking area. The permit shall be valid for a calendar year, as defined in section 134-2292, and shall be renewed for each successive calendar year. A fee, as determined by resolution of the town council shall be charged for the annual permit and shall be payable at the finance department. After the initial permit has been issued, any renewal shall be affixed to the vehicle no later than January 15 of the applicable current year.

(c)

Visitor/service permits. In addition to the decals issued pursuant to section 134-2295(b) above, upon application by owner, owner may be issued visitor/service permits, which permits may be used by such owner for the sole purpose of providing parking on a temporary basis to service vehicles which are conducting work at such owner's premises or for visitors of such owner's residence. The permits shall be used only for the period of time during which business is to be conducted by the service vehicles or for the duration of stay of a visitor to the residence for which the permit is issued. Visitor/service permits are intended for infrequent and temporary use and may not be utilized in a manner that constitutes abuse. No more than a total of eight permits, including decals and visitor/service permits, shall be issued for each property.

The application for a visitor/service permit or permits shall be filed by such owner. The permit or permits shall be valid for a calendar year as defined in section 134-2292 and may be renewed each successive calendar year. A fee, as determined by resolution of the town council shall be charged for each visitor/service permit and shall be payable at the finance department. These permits shall not be affixed to the vehicle, but shall be placed in a clearly visible place on the inside of the visitor's or service vehicle observable through the front windshield of the vehicle. The permits shall be valid only for the period of time during which the service vehicle is conducting work at the premises or for the period of time a visitor is at the premises.

(d)

Temporary group permits. A temporary group permit may be issued on application of any resident of the district for only one day and for no more than four hours on that day upon a showing by the applicant that during the hours for which the permits are to be issued his or her residence will be used for an assemblage of persons in a way consistent with its residential character and other provisions of law and that such visitors would not be able to park their vehicles without violating the law. However such permits for such an assemblage of persons shall only be issued upon a finding of the facts stated in this section and a further finding that the issuance of such permits will not impair public safety during the time of their validity, and in this connection such permits may be limited as to the streets or portions of streets on which they shall be valid. Finally, the number of such permits issued shall not at any time exceed 50 percent of the number of spaces available in the area in which they are valid.

The application for a temporary group permit shall be filed by the resident seeking the permit. A fee as determined by resolution of the town council shall be charged for each temporary group permit. The permits shall not be affixed to the vehicle, but shall be placed in a clearly visible place on the inside of the visitor's vehicle observable through the front windshield of the vehicle.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(6), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 9-08, § 1, 5-12-08; Ord. No. 26-10, § 29, 12-15-10; Ord. No. 1-2014, § 1, 5-14-14; Ord. No. 13-2019, § 1, 4-9-19; Ord. No. 40-2019, § 1, 1-14-20; Ord. No. 001-2022, § 1, 3-8-22; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

(a)

The holder of a residential parking permit shall be permitted to stand or park a motor vehicle displaying the permit and operated by him in any designated residential controlled parking area during such times and places as the parking of motor vehicles therein is permitted. While a vehicle for which a residential parking permit has been issued is so parked, such permit shall be permanently affixed on the left rear bumper of the vehicle. A residential parking permit shall not guarantee or reserve to the holder of the permit a parking space within a designated controlled parking residential area.

(b)

A residential parking permit shall not authorize the holder thereof to stand or park a motor vehicle in such places or during such times as the stopping, standing or parking a motor vehicle is prohibited or set aside for specified types of vehicles, nor shall it exempt the holder from the observance of any traffic regulation within the controlled parking residential area.

(c)

No person other than the permittee named thereon shall use the residential parking permit or display it on a vehicle operated or parked, and any such use or display by a person other than the permittee shall constitute a violation of this division by the permittee and by the person who so uses or displays such parking permit.

(d)

Any permit issued hereunder is nontransferable to another person or another vehicle.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(7), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94)

Under this division, it shall be unlawful for any person to:

(1)

Represent that he is entitled to a permit under this division when he is not so entitled;

(2)

To furnish any false information in an application to the finance department to obtain a residential parking permit;

(3)

Fail to surrender a permit to which he is no longer entitled; or

(4)

Park a vehicle displaying such a permit at any time when the holder of such permit is not entitled to hold it.

(5)

Park a vehicle without a properly displayed and valid residential parking permit issued pursuant to this division.

(6)

Park a vehicle displaying a counterfeit residential parking permit.

(7)

Modify or alter in any way a current or previously issued residential parking permit.

(8)

Give to another person or sale to another person a residential parking permit. Temporarily providing a visitor permit to a person legally entitled to use such under this division shall not be construed as being unlawful.

(9)

Provide a residential parking permit to any person or vehicle not legally entitled to possess or display such permit.

(10)

Utilize residential parking permits or visitor/service permits in a manner that constitutes abuse.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(7)d, 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 9-08, § 2, 5-12-08; Ord. No. 3-2014, § 1, 5-14-14; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

Editor's note— Ord. No. 3-2014, § 1, adopted May 14, 2014, changed the title of § 134-2298 from "False representation" to "Unlawful acts."

The finance department is authorized to revoke the residential parking permit of any permittee found to be in violation of this division and, upon written notification thereof, the permittee shall surrender such permit to the finance department. Failure, when so requested, to surrender a residential parking permit so revoked shall constitute a violation of this division.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(7)e, 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 9-08, § 3, 5-12-08)

Editor's note— Ord. No. 9-08, § 4, adopted May 12, 2008, repealed § 134-2300 in its entirety, which pertained to temporary visitor permits, and derived from Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(7)g, adopted March 26, 1974; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, adopted February 8, 1988, and Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), adopted February 7, 1994.

Any person illegally parked pursuant to this division shall be fined in the manner provided for illegal parking and his/her vehicle may be towed and stored at his/her expense.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.64(8), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 1-88, § 3, 2-8-88; Ord. No. 1-94, § 4(e), 2-7-94; Ord. No. 3-2014, § 2, 5-14-14)

(a)

The chief of police or his/her designee is authorized to revoke the residential parking area decal/permits of any decal/permit holder based upon evidence that the decal/permit holder has violated the provisions of this article. The holder shall be served notice by certified mail or hand delivery of the proposed revocation and, upon request, shall have an opportunity to present to the town council evidence as to why the decal/permit should not be revoked. The decal/permit holder must request such a hearing in writing and pay an appeal fee set by resolution of the town council within ten days after the notice of proposed revocation is delivered or mailed. If the town council finds in favor of the decal/permit holder, the appeal fee shall be refunded. The holder of revoked decal/permits must return the decal/permits to the town manager or his/her designee and shall not be allowed to reapply for another decal/permit for one year from the date of revocation.

(b)

Revocation under subsection (a) is in addition to any other available remedy provided by this Code for violations of this article.

(Ord. No. 3-2014, § 3, 5-14-14; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

Whenever the town manager or his designee, which may include the building official and the chief of police or their subordinates, shall determine that the streets of a particular district or discrete portion of the district in which residential uses are permitted and commercial uses are not permitted are being used for parking by the operators of vehicles while the operators of those vehicles are using districts in which commercial uses are permitted and the average number of vehicles parking in such a manner is in excess of 25 percent of the number of parking spaces on such streets and the total number of spaces actually occupied by any vehicles exceeds 75 percent of the number of spaces on such streets on the weekdays of any month, as disclosed by an engineering study, the town manager or his designee shall prohibit parking during the hours when such use has been found on these streets of those districts or portions of districts found by the study or survey to have been so affected. In such cases the town manager shall cause appropriate signs giving notice of the prohibition to be posted on those streets or portions of those streets restricting all parking, except parking by the holders of permits, to be granted only under the conditions in this division.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(1), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89)

Under this division, parking permits may be granted to persons as follows:

(1)

Resident permits. To persons who are residents of any particular area in which parking is so restricted, to be limited to that particular area in which parking is so restricted for every vehicle owned by those persons.

(2)

Visitor/service permits. In addition to the Resident permits provided under (1) above, upon application by owner, owner may be issued visitor/service permits, which permits may be used by such owner for the sole purpose of providing parking on a temporary basis to service vehicles which are conducting work at such owner's premises or for visitors of such owner's residence. These permits shall be used only for the period of time during which business is to be conducted by the service vehicles or for the duration of stay of a visitor to the residence for which the permit is issued. Visitor/service permits are intended for infrequent and temporary use and may not be utilized on a continual basis in a manner that constitutes abuse. No more than a total of eight permits, including decals and visitor/service permits, shall be issued for each property.

The application for a visitor/service permit or permits shall be filed by such owner. A fee is hereby authorized for issuance of said permit payable to the finance department for each visitor/service permit. The amount of the fee shall be established by resolution of the town council and may be amended from time to time by resolution of the town council. These permits shall not be affixed to the vehicle, but shall be placed in a clearly visible place on the inside of the visitor's or service vehicle observable through the front windshield of the vehicle. The permits shall be valid only for the period of time during which the service vehicle is conducting work at the premises or for the period of time a visitor is at the premises.

(3)

Temporary group permits. To residents as provided in section 134-2328.

(4)

Adjacent resident permits. To persons who are residential users in a commercially zoned area immediately adjacent and contiguous to the residential area in which parking is restricted, to be limited to that particular area in which parking is so restricted, for not more than two vehicles owned by that person and upon proof shown that on-site parking is not available to that person on the property in which he resides within the commercially zoned area.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(1)a—c, f, 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89; Ord. No. 16-09, § 12, 11-12-09; Ord. No. 16-2016, § 9, 12-14-16; Ord. No. 13-2019, § 1, 4-9-19; Ord. No. 40-2019, § 1, 1-14-20; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

Under this division, on application of any resident of the district, permits, to be valid for only one day and for no more than four hours on that day, may be issued upon a showing by the applicant that during the hours for which the permits are to be issued his residence will be used for an assemblage of persons in a way consistent with its residential character and other provisions of law, and that such visitors would not be able to park their vehicles without violating the law. However, such permits for such an assemblage of persons shall only be issued upon a finding of the facts stated in this section and a further finding that the issuance of such permits will not impair public safety during the time of their validity, and in this connection such permits may be limited as to the streets or portions of streets on which they shall be valid. Finally, the number of such permits issued shall not at any time exceed 50 percent of the number of spaces available in the area in which they are valid.

The application for a temporary group permit shall be filed by the resident seeking the permit. A fee as determined by resolution of the town council shall be charged for each temporary group permit. The permits shall not be affixed to the vehicle, but shall be placed in a clearly visible place on the inside of the visitor's vehicle observable through the front windshield of the vehicle.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(1)e, 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89; Ord. No. 1-2014, § 2, 5-14-14)

(a)

Annual parking permit fees. An annual fee is hereby authorized for issuance of said permit, payable at the town finance department, for each annual permit issued under this division. The amount of the annual fee shall be established by resolution of the town council and may be amended from time to time by resolution of the town council.

(b)

Visitor/service permits. An annual fee is hereby authorized for issuance of said permit, payable to the finance department each visitor/service permit. The amount of the annual fee shall be established by resolution of the town council and may be amended from time to time by resolution of the town council.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(1)g, h, 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89; Ord. No. 16-09, § 13, 11-12-09; Ord. No. 26-10, § 30, 12-15-10)

All permits issued under this division shall be based on satisfactory evidence that the applicant fulfills all the required conditions for such permit. Whenever the required conditions no longer exist, a person holding a permit issued under subsection 134-2327(1) or (3) shall surrender it to the town manager or his authorized representative.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(2), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89)

No parking permit issued under this division shall be valid for more than one year but may be renewed upon expiration, provided the condition for issuance exists. The special limited permits issued under such sections 134-2327(2) and 134-2328, being limited on their face to a short period of time, are not required to be surrendered upon expiration but may be turned in by the holder.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(2), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89)

(a)

Service vehicles. The parking limitation or prohibition of this division shall not apply to service or delivery vehicles being used to provide services or to make deliveries to dwellings in the affected district or area.

(b)

Metered parking areas. Wherever metered parking is in effect in any portion of a district that becomes subject to the restrictions of this division, the parking spaces controlled by meters may be excepted from this division so long as the control by meters continues.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(1)d, (4), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89)

The signs placed in parking areas subject to this division shall be of such character as to inform readily an ordinarily observant person of the existence of the rules and regulations imposing the restrictions of this division. It shall be unlawful for any person to violate such rules or regulations.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(3), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89)

Under this division, it shall be unlawful for any person to:

(1)

Represent that he is entitled to a permit under this division when he is not so entitled;

(2)

To furnish any false information in an application to the finance department to obtain a residential parking permit;

(3)

Fail to surrender a permit to which he is no longer entitled; or

(4)

Park a vehicle displaying such a permit at any time when the holder of such permit is not entitled to hold it.

(5)

Park a vehicle without a properly displayed and valid residential parking permit issued pursuant to this division.

(6)

Park a vehicle displaying a counterfeit residential parking permit.

(7)

Modify or alter in any way a current or previously issued residential parking permit.

(8)

Give to another person or sale to another person a residential parking permit. Temporarily providing a visitor permit to a person legally entitled to use such under this division shall not be construed as being unlawful.

(9)

Provide a residential parking permit to any person or vehicle not legally entitled to possess or display such permit.

(10)

Utilize residential parking permits or visitor/service permits in a manner that constitutes abuse.

(Ord. No. 2-74, § 6.63(2), 3-26-74; Ord. No. 6-78, § 1, 3-31-78; Ord. No. 6-81, § 5(b), 3-31-81; Ord. No. 7-82, § 5(e), 3-31-82; Ord. No. 1-89, § 4(g), 2-6-89; Ord. No. 3-2014, § 4, 5-14-14; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)

Any person illegally parked pursuant to this division shall be fined in the manner provided for illegal parking and his/her vehicle may be towed and stored at his/her expense.

(Ord. No. 3-2014, § 5, 5-14-14)

(a)

The chief of police or his/her designee is authorized to revoke the residential parking area decal/permits of any decal/permit holder based upon evidence that the decal/permit holder has violated the provisions of this article. The holder shall be served notice by certified mail or hand delivery of the proposed revocation and, upon request, shall have an opportunity to present to the town council evidence as to why the decal/permit should not be revoked. The decal/permit holder must request such a hearing in writing and pay an appeal fee set by resolution of the town council within ten days after the notice of proposed revocation is delivered or mailed. If the town council finds in favor of the decal/permit holder, the appeal fee shall be refunded. The holder of revoked decal/permits must return the decal/permits to the town manager or his/her designee and shall not be allowed to reapply for another decal/permit for one year from the date of revocation.

(b)

Revocation under subsection (a) is in addition to any other available remedy provided by this Code for violations of this article.

(Ord. No. 3-2014, § 6, 5-14-14; Ord. No. 004-2023, § 1(Att. A), 3-14-23)