1. All new development shall provide all of the parking spaces required by Section 9.201, Parking and Loading Requirements Table, and shall comply with all other provisions of this Article.
2. Expansions to existing development and changes in use that require additional parking shall provide parking only to the extent of the new demand created by the expansion or change in use.
3. Changes in use of existing buildings that result in a fewer required parking spaces shall not be required to provide additional parking spaces.
4. No parking is required for non-residential development in the CBD, except as may be required by Division 2.500, Limited and Special Use Standards.

1. The City may approve a reduction in the number of required parking or loading spaces if the applicant demonstrates that such a reduction is appropriate based on specific parking demand forecasts for the proposed use, provided that:
   1. Such forecasts are made by a qualified traffic engineer, and are based upon a peak parking analysis of at least five comparable uses; and
   2. The comparability of the uses shall be documented in detail, which includes their location, size, transportation system access, use restrictions, and all other factors that were considered by the traffic engineer that could affect parking demand.
2. The City may retain a qualified traffic engineer at the applicant's expense to review the parking demand forecast and provide recommendations to the City.
3. The City may rely on the applicant's special study or the special study conducted by the City's consultant.
4. The Plan Commission may require that space be reserved or land-banked for additional parking upon a determination that there is a reasonable likelihood that the nature of the use could change in a manner that increases its parking demand.

1. Enclosed bicycle lockers;
2. Employee shower facilities, lockers, and dressing areas; or
3. Meaningful financial incentives for employees to bicycle to work.

1. Parking Credit = 0.8 x (Sa x P), where:
   1. Sa is equal to the area of the applicant's parcel divided by the area within 600 feet of the boundaries of the parcel proposed for development that are within the same zoning district in which the parcel is located; and
   2. P is equal to the total number of parking spaces on streets and in public parking lots that are located within 600 feet of the boundaries of the parcel proposed for development that are within the same zoning district in which the parcel is located.
2. The values for Sa and P shall be demonstrated by a survey.

1. Multiply the minimum required parking for each individual use, excluding spaces reserved for use by specified individuals or classes of individuals, by the appropriate percentage listed in Table 9.205, Shared Parking Table, for each of the designated time periods.
2. Calculate a sum for all uses for each of the five columns. The minimum parking requirement is the highest of these sums.
3. In general, the maximum reduction pursuant to Table 9.205, Shared Parking Table, shall be 25 percent. However, a greater reduction is permitted, provided that:
   1. Sufficient land is set aside for each parking space in excess of the 25 percent reduction that is not constructed, so that the spaces may be constructed at a later date should the City Engineer determine that they are necessary; and
   2. The property owner executes and records a document that guarantees that the spaces will be constructed upon written order of the City Engineer.

1. The study shall provide data on the following:
   1. The recommended parking needs of the project.
   2. The sensitivity of the proposed uses to change. For example, a center with no restaurant could have significant changes in parking if a restaurant was added.
   3. Similar mixes of uses in other areas of the community.
   4. Degree of variability of parking for individual uses (average, range, and standard deviation).
2. The City may require a reserved open area if it believes that the risk of parking needs changing over time so warrants. Once the project is occupied and well established, if there is a surplus of parking, the applicant may petition for additional development capacity and parking using the reserved area.

1. A plan that provides for interconnected lots;
2. Recorded easements that provide, at a minimum, for:
   1. Cross-access among the parking areas and connections to permit parking by the different uses anywhere in the connected properties;
   2. Allocation of maintenance duties;
   3. A pedestrian circulation system that connects uses and parking areas, making it easy and convenient to move between uses; and
   4. A right of enforcement by the City.

Applicability. Bicycle parking shall be required pursuant to this Section for:

1. All parcels proposed for development that have parking lots with 20 or more parking spaces; and

2. All recreation areas within subdivisions.

Number of Bicycle Parking Spaces.

1. Surface parking lots: One bicycle parking space per 10 parking spaces, to a maximum of ten bicycle parking spaces
2. Structured parking lots:
   1. Minimum number of bicycle parking spaces: six
   2. Structures with more than 120 parking spaces shall provide one bicycle parking space per 20 parking spaces,
   3. Maximum requirement (additional spaces are optional): 10
3. Recreation areas within subdivisions: One bicycle parking space per three parking spaces.
4. Bicycle racks are not required for bicycle parking associated with single-family detached, single-family attached, and multiplex residential uses. Required bicycle parking for such residential uses may provided in garages, storage rooms and other resident accessible, secure areas.

1. Bicycle parking shall be designed so that:
   1. The bicycle frame and one wheel can be locked to the rack with a high security, U-shaped lock if both wheels are left on the bicycle. See Figure 9.206, Permitted Bicycle Parking Example - Wave Rack.
   2. A bicycle that is six feet long can be securely held with its frame supported so that the bicycle cannot be pushed or fall in a manner that will damage the wheel components.
   3. Racks must be securely anchored.
   4. Areas devoted to bicycle parking shall be hard surfaced.
   5. Bicycle parking designs that only allow one locking point at the wheel are prohibited.

Figure 9.206: Permitted Bicycle Parking Example - Wave Rack

1. Short-term bicycle parking must be located within 50 feet of the principal building entrance, at the same grade as the sidewalk or accessible route.
2. An aisle at least five feet wide shall be provided behind all required bicycle parking to allow room for bicycle maneuvering.
3. If required bicycle parking is not visible from the street or principal building entrance, a sign shall be posted at the principal building entrance indicating the location of the bicycle parking.

Administrative Adjustments. The Planning Director is authorized to approve an administrative adjustment reducing the number of bicycle spaces if it is demonstrated that:

1. The use will not generate any bicycle traffic; or
2. It is impossible to provide bicycle parking at the subject location.

1. Standard Parking Space: 9 ft. x 20 ft.; however, in locations where the vehicle may overhang the edge of pavement, the length of a standard parking space may be reduced to 18 ft.
2. Compact Parking Space: 9 ft. x 16 ft.

1. Minimum width of loading bay (side to side): 12 feet.
2. Minimum length of loading bay (front to back):
   1. For semi-trailers: 60 feet.
   2. All other loading spaces: 25 feet.
3. Minimum vertical clearance: 14 feet.

1. Financial institutions, convenience stores, or pharmacies: Four stacking spaces per window, including the position at the window.
2. Drive through restaurants:
   1. Four stacking spaces to each menu board;
   2. Four stacking spaces between the menu board and the first window (including the position at the first window); and
   3. Two spaces between the first window and the second window (including the position at the second window).
3. Dry cleaners: Two stacking spaces, including the position at the window.

1. A stacking space is eight feet wide by 18 feet long, exclusive of access drives and parking aisles.
2. Stacking lanes shall be clearly marked, and shall not interfere with on-site or off-site traffic circulation.
3. Stacking areas shall not be located between the facade of a building and the public street upon which the building fronts.
4. Stacking lanes shall be designed with an abutting eight-foot wide bypass lane.

1. Required off-street parking spaces shall be available for operable passenger automobiles of the residents, customers, patrons, and employees of the use to which they relate.
2. Storing materials, boats, campers, recreational vehicles, or inoperable vehicles, or parking trucks or trailers is prohibited in parking areas, unless:
   1. The outdoor storage use is permitted in the applicable zoning district and approved for the subject property;
   2. The areas that are set aside for such parking are not counted towards the parking requirements for the use; and
   3. The areas that are set aside for such parking comply with the requirements for outdoor storage (e.g., buffering or screening of outdoor storage areas).
3. The long-term storage of trailers in loading spaces is prohibited. Such spaces shall be available for routine use by delivery vehicles.
4. Trash enclosures, dumpsters, and transformers shall not be located in parking areas.

1. Blocking loading spaces or parking spaces is prohibited.
2. Loading spaces or parking spaces shall not be designed or located in a manner that blocks access to other loading spaces, parking spaces, driving aisles, fire lanes, ingress or egress points, or building entrances.
3. Parking, loading, and access areas shall be kept free of permanent or moveable structures which block access, of any type (e.g., trash receptacles or compactors).
4. Parking within a driveway approach or across public sidewalks is prohibited.

1. In general, off-street parking areas that are required to have more than three parking spaces shall be graded and surfaced with concrete or other material approved by the City Engineer that will protect against potholes, erosion, and dust, according to the City's engineering standards manual.
2. The City Engineer may permit less durable surfaces (such as grass pavers, crushed stone, or gravel) for off-street parking facilities that serve athletic fields, public or private parks, low-turnover uses, and overflow parking needs, provided that:
   1. The perimeter of such parking areas is defined by bricks, stones, railroad ties, or other similar devices; and
   2. Surfaces with loose materials are set back at least 25 feet from a public street.

1. The applicant demonstrates that a reasonable offer with regard to cross-access was refused by the adjacent landowner; and
2. The applicant records a covenant acceptable to the Planning Director to ensure that the connection will be provided and access will be consolidated upon the earlier of:
   1. Approval for development, substantial improvement, or redevelopment, of the adjacent property, if providing such connection is a requirement of the approval for the adjacent property; or
   2. The applicant's parcel and the adjacent parcel coming under common ownership; and
3. The applicant demonstrates that the proposed temporary access will not materially affect the safe and efficient flow of traffic.

1. The number of connections permitted shall be the minimum number necessary to provide reasonable access to the overall site and not the maximum available for the site's frontage; and
2. Access to outparcels shall be internalized using the shared circulation system and designed to avoid excessive movement across parking aisles or queuing across surrounding parking and driving aisles.

1. A continuous drive extending the entire length of each block it serves, or at least 1,000 feet of linear frontage along a thoroughfare, whichever is less.
2. Sufficient width to accommodate a two-way access between properties, designed to accommodate automobiles and service and loading vehicles.
3. Stub-outs and other design features to allow abutting properties to be tied in to provide future cross access.
4. Linkage to other cross access drives in the area.
5. Common access, internal cross access, and driveway entrance improvements for non-residential developments shall be made prior to the recording of a subdivision plat, unless proper surety has been posted to guarantee those improvements.

1. Access that is shared by adjacent properties, whether under single or separate ownership, requires that an appropriate legal instrument to ensure continued shared access be approved by the Planning Director and recorded in the official public record at the applicant's expense. The recorded book and page number shall be referenced on any subsequent subdivision plats of the property.
2. If there is an existing shared access for which there is no recorded legal documentation, such documentation shall be executed and recorded as provided in subsection D.1.

1. Generally, the maximum number of access points allowed will be the smallest number of access points that are necessary to accommodate the peak hour demands of the site. For example, if a use in the Commercial, General (CG) district generates 300 peak hour trips (see Table 9.404.B., Access Standards, General), then it would be served by one high volume access point, not six low volume access points
2. The maximum number of access points may be increased if:
   1. The lot fronts on an arterial and one or more side streets of lesser functional classification;
   2. Access to the site will be provided from the streets of lesser functional classification; and
   3. The total number of access points along the arterial frontage is reduced.

1. Spacing may be based on an assessment of the individual safety and operational considerations of the proposed connection if:
   1. Current average daily trip volume (ADT) on the segment of the arterial upon which the proposed development fronts is below 2,000; and
   2. It is demonstrated that there is little, if any, potential for development within 25 years that would raise the ADT to more than 2,000.
2. Where adequate access connection spacing cannot be achieved, the City may permit lesser spacing when shared access is established with an abutting property. A shared access agreement shall be executed and recorded as provided in Section 9.405.D. Common Access and Internal Cross Access.
3. Where no other alternatives exist, construction of an access connection may be allowed along the property line farthest from the intersection or closest access. To provide reasonable access under these conditions, but also provide the safest operation, consideration should be given to designing the driveway connection to allow only the right-in turning movement or only the right-in/right out turning movements if feasible. In such a case, the applicant shall demonstrate that:
   1. The inability to meet the access spacing requirements was not due to the owner subdividing the property after the effective date of this UDO without providing internal access;
   2. A reasonable offer with regard to cross-access was refused by the adjacent landowner; and
   3. A covenant acceptable to the Planning Director to ensure that the connection will be provided and access will be consolidated upon the earlier of:
      1. Approval for development, substantial improvement, or redevelopment, of the adjacent property, if providing such connection is a requirement of the approval; or
      2. The applicant's parcel and the adjacent parcel coming under common ownership; and
   4. Failure to comply with the access spacing requirements will not materially affect the safe and efficient flow of traffic.

1. Generally, light fixtures shall be "cut-off" fixtures that limit lighting that is visible or measurable at the property line.
2. "No cut-off" fixtures may be used only for decorative purposes, provided:
   1. They have luminaires that produce no more than 1,500 lumens (approximately equal to a 100W incandescent bulb);
   2. They have a maximum height of 15 feet; and
   3. They use energy-efficient bulbs, such as compact fluorescent (CF) or Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

1. Parking Lot Light Fixtures shall be oriented to cast light downward toward the parking area. 
2. Lighting for Parking lots with more than 15 parking spaces shall be reduced by 50% no later than 11 P.M, and or within 1 hour after closing of the business, whichever is later. Lighting reduction is only required if an adjacent use is residential.  

1. Outdoor lighting shall be deflected, shaded and focused away from adjacent properties and/or right-of-way and shall not be a nuisance to such adjacent properties and/or right-of-way. 
2. Outdoor lighting shall be designed so that any overspill of lighting onto adjacent properties and/or right-of-way shall not exceed the illumination level listed in Table 9.501, Maximum Illumination. 

   Table 9.501: Maximum Illumination
   Adjoining Use or District ; (Whichever is more restrictive)	Maximum Foot Candle; Measured Vertically and Horizontally
   Open Space and Residential (ER, SR, GR, UR, NC, CN)	0.3 Foot-Candle
   Commercial, Campus, and Mixed Use (CG, CBD, CP, RT, BP, CA)	0.5 Foot-Candle
   Industrial (RU, INL, INH)	1 Foot Candle

3. The ground-level luminance ratio (the ratio between the luminance of the brightest point on the property and the darkest point on the property) shall not exceed 12 to one.
4. If additional light is necessary, it shall be provided within an enclosed structure.
5. Outdoor Lighting may exceed maximum overspill onto adjacent properties with Planning Director Review, provided: 
   1.  The property owner is the same on both adjacent properties and has provided a written letter. 
   2. Outdoor Lighting shall be removed if the property or lot is sold or transferred to another property owner. Outdoor Lighting shall be removed within ninety (90) days from the selling or transfer of the lot. 

1. Field and court lighting shall be deflected, shaded and focused away from adjacent properties and shall not be a nuisance to such adjacent properties.
2. Field and court lighting shall be designed so that any overspill of lighting onto adjacent properties shall not exceed one-half foot-candle, measured vertically, and one-half foot-candle, measured horizontally, on adjacent properties.
3. A landscaped bufferyard may be used to block lighting spillover onto adjacent property. The Planning Director may require more opaque bufferyards than those in Division 10.400, Bufferyard Requirements, to achieve this objective.

1. Light trespass or glare which is sufficiently intense or contrasts excessively with surrounding illumination, regardless of the intensity of the surrounding illumination, in a manner to cause impairment of visual performance or to distract from or impair the safe operation of a vehicle.
2. Light trespass or glare that impairs a person's visual performance or ability to avoid obstacles in their path.

1. Light trespass or glare that deprives an owner or occupant of usual and reasonable use and enjoyment of their property.
2. A high frequency and/or duration of periods when light trespass or glare is sufficient to interrupt or interfere with usual and reasonable use and enjoyment of a property.
3. Light trespass or glare that causes visual discomfort or impairment of visual performance in a manner that deprives any person from the usual and reasonable enjoyment of the public streets and properties of the City.