Dartmouth City Zoning Code
ARTICLE 17
Bliss Corner Mixed Use District
§ 375-17.1 Purpose.
The purpose of the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District is to support small businesses within the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area to function harmoniously as an economically viable, diverse and prosperous mixed use community. Development within the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District shall be pedestrian oriented and enhance the pedestrian experience. This By-Law especially intends to create a zoning district that is small business friendly while preserving the unique mixture of business and residential, local historical character and scale of the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area.
§ 375-17.2 Allowed uses.
A.
Within the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District, as indicated on the Zoning Map dated March 23, 1999, rev. to October 21, 2014, any one or more of the following uses are allowed on a lot:
(1)
Retail services. A business that primarily provides a specialized service to a consumer. Such services can be provided on or from the property. Examples of retail services are: tailor shops, laundries and barbershops.
(2)
Retail sales. A business that primarily provides a product or products for sale from the premises. Examples of retail sales uses are pharmacies, bakeries, plant nurseries, grocery stores, hardware stores, or liquor stores. Retail sales do not include auto sales.
(3)
Professional or business offices. An office that provides professional or business services to a consumer. Such services can be provided on or from the property. Examples of office uses are: accountants, attorneys, and real estate offices.
(4)
Medical offices. A business that provides health care or medical services. Examples of medical offices are: general practitioner's offices, dentists, optometrists, and medical clinics. Veterinarian offices are also allowed as medical offices.
(5)
Restaurants. An establishment that serves food or beverages prepared on the premises for consumption on or off the premises. Outdoor, as well as indoor dining is allowed.
(6)
Business apartment.
(a)
A business apartment is defined as a residential unit available for use by one family, which is located in a building being used for business purposes such as, but not limited to, retail, office, recreational, restaurant or limited production uses. One business apartment is automatically allowed by right per lot. Up to two additional apartments are allowed by right (up to three total per lot) so long as the total square footage of all apartment housing shall not exceed the total square footage of all business uses on the lot.
(b)
The purpose of a business apartment is to encourage small businesses and to provide convenient and affordable housing for individuals connected to the business i.e. individuals who own or are employed by the business. If rented to others, the business apartment could help subsidize business space to make the business more affordable for starter businesses. Business apartments can also help reduce commuter traffic if used by employees of the business.
(7)
Educational uses. Uses which provide a curriculum of academic instruction or teach a skill, art or a hobby. Examples of educational uses are: schools of general education, art schools, martial art studios, and culinary schools.
(8)
Museums, art galleries and libraries. Uses which provide displays of history, art, or cultural artifacts. Uses which make available books or archived information.
(9)
By-right bed-and-breakfast.
(a)
A "by-right Bed-and-Breakfast" is a dwelling where a resident owner can provide nightly accommodations to no more than six lodgers. Meals may also be provided. The accommodations of these persons shall be within the living quarters of the resident owner, sharing the same cooking, sanitary facilities and table board. A resident owner is defined as any individual that is named as grantee on the deed or other instrument of title and directly occupies the premises as a primary residence. The Bed-and-Breakfast shall be located in a building that was in existence prior to October 21, 2014 (Town Meeting date).
(b)
The purpose of a by-right Bed-and-Breakfast is to stimulate economic revival in the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area by encouraging lodging for visitors who hopefully will shop and eat in the neighborhood. Allowing by-right Bed-and-Breakfasts in the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District is also meant to encourage this use in areas of the Town in which it can be readily accommodated with respect to Town services and best utilize existing oversized buildings. Such lodging is to be provided in a manner that lodgers will be accommodated in a household or family type setting and enjoy a more intimate relationship with the community.
(10)
Limited production of goods.
(a)
The manufacture of goods such as, but not limited to, furniture, pottery, cabinets or other specialty items which are then sold from the premises. Mail order sales are also allowed in addition to on-site sales.
(b)
The purpose of this subsection is to allow intermediate-sized handicraft-type businesses, which could benefit from greater commercial visibility for the sale of specialty products manufactured on the premises.
(c)
All manufacturing shall take place within a building not to exceed 8,000 square feet in area. At least 10% of the area of the building shall be devoted to on-site retail sales. Manufacturing activities shall be enclosed within a building.
(11)
Garages, sheds, storage buildings. A building or structure used primarily for the purpose of storage, sheltering motorized vehicles and boats, or as a workshop.
(12)
Storage of boats and accessories. The storage of boats, boat accessories, docks and marine-oriented machinery or equipment for their servicing.
(13)
Fire district uses. Any building, structure, facility or use owned and operated by a Dartmouth Fire District and with the expressed purpose to promote public safety.
(14)
Municipal uses. Any building, structure, facility, or use owned and operated by the Town of Dartmouth.
(15)
Places of worship. An institution or place where religious services, spiritual meetings or associated activities are held on a regular basis.
(16)
Gardens. Land set aside for the growing of ornamental, vegetable, or fruiting plants or for horticultural beautification of the property. Plant products can be offered for sale from the premises. Buildings or structures to support this activity are considered accessory uses.
(17)
Recreational uses. A use that provides recreational facilities such as but not limited to the following uses: play areas, game courts, swimming pools.
(18)
Aquaculture. Facilities related to the production of shellfish, fish, or aquatic plants. For production areas located on top of or in marine or fresh waters, accessory land based support facilities such as storage and propagation buildings are allowed.[1]
(19)
Accessory uses. A structure or use that:
(a)
Is clearly incidental to and customarily found in connection with a principal building or principal use;
(b)
Is subordinate in area, extent or purpose to the principal building or principal use served;
(c)
Contributes to the comfort, convenience, or necessity of occupants in the principal building or principal use served; and
(d)
Is located on the same lot as the principal building or principal use served.
(20)
Wireless communications sites.
(a)
The following wireless communications sites are allowed by right if the following conditions are met:
[1]
Towers under 100 feet in height erected for the exclusive use of a federally licensed amateur radio operator, provided, however, that commercial/non-accessory uses on such towers may be allowed only by Special Permit in accordance with the Zoning By-Laws.
[2]
Transmitting or receiving equipment is placed totally within the interior of existing structures so that such equipment is not visible from the outside of the structure.
[3]
Any equipment, including towers, in existence as of (TM DATE) can be altered, maintained or replaced by right so long as such alteration, maintenance or replacement does not represent an increase or intensification of the use or height of such equipment. This provision does not allow new commercial or non-accessory uses to be added to existing equipment or towers, except as otherwise provided by Special Permit.
(b)
In all cases, the applicant shall certify to the Director of Inspectional Services, through the appropriate engineer certified in Massachusetts, that the equipment or tower proposed conforms to all local, State, and Federal laws and regulations prior to construction or installation.
(21)
Social clubs. Buildings or facilities owned or operated by an association, corporation, or persons for a social, educational or recreational purpose; but not operated primarily for profit.
(22)
Funeral homes.
(a)
A building or part thereof used for the purpose of providing funeral services. Such building may contain space and facilities for:
[1]
Services and gatherings of people to view or remember the dead;
[2]
Embalming and the performance of other methods used in preparation of the dead for burial;
[3]
The performance of autopsies and other surgical procedures;
[4]
The storage of caskets, funeral urns, and other related funeral supplies; and
[5]
The storage of funeral vehicles.
(b)
A funeral home shall not include facilities for cremation.
(23)
Exempt uses. Any uses exempted from zoning by Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 40A, Section 3, except that the development standards of this Zoning By-Law shall apply and shall be implemented in a manner consistent with MGL Chapter 40A, Section 3.
B.
Other uses prohibited. Unless expressly listed above, allowed by Special Permit or exempt under Massachusetts General Laws, all other residential, business, and industrial uses are hereby prohibited.
§ 375-17.3 Special permit uses.
The following uses are allowed in the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District only by Special Permit granted by the identified Special Permit Granting Authority in accordance with the criteria and procedures as set forth in the By-laws and MGL Chapter 40A:
A.
Senior residential services. "Senior Residential Services" include residential facilities or developments which are occupied primarily by persons 55 years of age and older, excluding their spouses or surviving spouses from said age requirement, and which may or may not include residential units occupied by resident staff personnel of any age.
(1)
Senior residential services as defined in this by-law currently encompass over-55 independent living, nursing homes, assisted living and adult day care facilities and can offer the full range of nursing care from total assistance to independent living. Such residential facilities may provide shared food preparation services, or independent food preparation areas. In addition, common recreational, laundry, social, medical and service facilities may be provided for the exclusive use of residents.
(2)
The purpose of permitting senior residential services in the Mixed Use District is to facilitate a mutually beneficial arrangement between residents and businesses by providing convenient access to services for residents and providing a steady customer base for business. In addition, the Town has a significant interest in broadening its housing choices for its aging population. Residential units can be located in freestanding single-unit buildings or in multi-unit buildings.
(3)
Senior residential services may be allowed only by Special Permit from the Planning Board. The Planning Board, in deciding whether to grant a Special Permit, shall consider the following:
(a)
The impact of the proposed number of residential units and beds in the facility on the neighborhood, affordability for residents, quality of life, and provision for adequate open space, recreational facilities, parking, landscaping, and design friendliness to pedestrians. Residential units can be located in freestanding single-unit buildings or in multi-unit buildings.
(b)
The architectural appearance of buildings is of a scale and style which complements, is respectful of and preserves the character of the neighborhood.
(c)
It must be demonstrated, and the Planning Board must agree and so find, that the proposal has a positive impact on existing local businesses.
(d)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use provides for pedestrian improvements such as, but not limited to, benches, street trees, lighting, and improved sidewalks adjacent to the site, in order to enhance streetscape and to accommodate pedestrians making use of the premises.
(e)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use encourages or creates pedestrian and, if applicable, vehicular connections between the residential units and business uses both on and off-site to promote a mixed use environment.
(4)
Once a Special Permit has been granted by the Planning Board, the Planning Board may revoke or modify the Special Permit after holding a public hearing in accordance with MGL Chapter 40A if any condition of the Special Permit has not been adhered to.
B.
Gas stations. "Gas Stations" are any premises where gasoline or other petroleum products are dispensed into the fuel tanks of motorized vehicles or boats. Gas stations may be allowed only by Special Permit from the Planning Board.
(1)
The Planning Board, in deciding whether to grant the Special Permit, shall consider the following:
(a)
The proposed use will not create a traffic hazard or excessive traffic congestion at the proposed location.
(b)
Whether, and the extent to which the architectural appearance of proposed buildings and canopies does not conform to standardized gas station architecture and does not give the general appearance of a gas station but is uniquely designed to complement, be respectful of and preserve the traditional architecture and the character of the neighborhood with respect to scale and style.
(c)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use encourages vehicular and, if applicable, pedestrian connections between the proposed gas station and surrounding uses in order to integrate the gas station into the mixed use environment.
(d)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use provides for pedestrian improvements such as, but not limited to, benches, street trees, lighting, and improved sidewalks adjacent to the site in order to enhance the streetscape character and to accommodate pedestrians making use of the premises.
(2)
Once a Special Permit has been granted by the Planning Board, the Planning Board may revoke or modify the Special Permit after holding a public hearing in accordance with MGL Chapter 40A if any conditions of the Special Permit have not been adhered to.
C.
Stand alone parking lots. Stand Alone Parking Lots include all areas devoted to or available for use by motor vehicles which shall include but is not limited to parking stalls, access aisles, loading areas, vehicle storage areas or any areas where motor vehicles have regular access to and where the parking lot is the principal use on a lot and not an accessory use, or is on a non-contiguous parcel to the business it serves, or is operated commercially for profit. A Special Permit from the Planning Board is required for any stand-alone parking lot.
(1)
The Planning Board in deciding whether to grant the Special Permit shall consider the following:
(a)
The impact of the parking lot on the streetscape, and particularly if the parking lot is located in an area between buildings which are closely spaced, and how the architectural line of the street is maintained through the use of hedging or architectural solutions.
(b)
Whether, and the extent to which the parking lot is reasonably screened from abutting properties and streets. Preference shall be given to landscape screening.
(c)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use provides for pedestrian and, if applicable, vehicular connections between the parking lot and surrounding uses in order to integrate the parking lot into the mixed use environment.
(d)
Whether, and the extent to which the proposed use encourages or creates pedestrian improvements such as, but not limited to, benches, street trees, lighting, and improved sidewalks adjacent to the site in order to enhance the streetscape and to accommodate pedestrians making use of the premises.
(e)
The impact of the proposal on the character of the neighborhood.
(2)
Once a Special Permit has been granted by the Planning Board, the Planning Board may revoke or modify the Special Permit after holding a public hearing in accordance with MGL Chapter 40A, if any condition of the Special Permit has not been adhered to.
D.
Auto repair. "Auto Repair" means any building, premises, or land in or upon which a business service or industry involving the maintenance, servicing, repair, or painting of motor vehicles is conducted or rendered. All repair shall take place in an enclosed building with all areas dedicated to auto repair, including storage, limited to 5,000 square feet. Outdoor storage of autos, supplies, or parts shall be screened from abutting streets and properties. Auto repair may be allowed only by Special Permit granted by the Planning Board.
(1)
The Planning Board in deciding whether to grant the Special Permit shall consider the following:
(a)
The impact of the proposed use on the character of the neighborhood and whether it protects and promotes the general health, safety, and welfare of the community.
(b)
The architectural appearance of buildings is of a scale and style which complements, is respectful of and preserves the character of the neighborhood.
(c)
The impact to traffic congestion on adjacent streets.
(2)
Once a Special Permit has been granted by the Planning Board, the Planning Board may revoke or modify the Special Permit after holding a public hearing in accordance with MGL Chapter 40A if any condition of the Special Permit has not been adhered to.
§ 375-17.4 Development standards.
These regulations acknowledge the small size of existing lots in the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District and allow use of these lots if the standards of these by-laws are met. All uses in the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District including uses allowed by Special Permit or exempted by MGL Chapter 40A, Section 3, shall meet the development standards below, as applicable and as according to MGL Chapter 40A, Section 3:
A.
Lot area. The minimum lot area shall be 5,000 square feet. More than one use is allowed on a lot.
B.
Frontage. The minimum frontage for lots shall be 50 feet.
C.
Setbacks. The purpose of these setback requirements is to preserve the character of the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area by maintaining architectural continuity, to provide access within lots and for maintenance of the buildings located thereon.
(1)
Setback dimensions. Any building or structure placed on a lot, whether temporary or permanent, shall meet the following minimum setback requirements as stated below:
Minimum Setback | |||
|---|---|---|---|
1-Story* Building | 2-Story* Building | 3-Story* Building | |
From street right-of-way lines or vehicular easement lines | 5 feet1 | 10 feet | 15 feet |
From all other perimeter lot lines | 5 feet2 | 10 feet | 15 feet |
* | A story shall not exceed 10 feet in height (excluding the roof). |
1 | Except that a passageway at least 10 feet wide must be available from a street right of way to the opposite side of the building on at least one side of the building. |
2 | Except that a passageway at least 10 feet wide must be available from a street right of way to the opposite side of the building on at least one side of the building. |
(2)
Exemptions from setback requirements. Buildings or structures which are legally in existence prior to (Town Meeting date) shall be considered to be in compliance with § 375-17.4C and are allowed to expand along the setback line or lines of the existing building/structure to a point which intersects another existing setback line of the same building/structure or to a point that intersects the setback line defined in § 375-17.4C, whichever is less restrictive.
(a)
Exempt expansions shall not exceed the height of the part of the existing structure/building being expanded except where the expansion is outside the current setback and the height is otherwise allowed by these Zoning By-laws.
(b)
Signs, fences, stonewalls, retaining walls and boundary delineation structures are exempt from these setback requirements.
D.
Height. The maximum height of all buildings or freestanding structures shall be 35 feet. Add on structures placed on top of buildings or structures shall not exceed 45 feet in height. Height shall be measured from the average of the finished grade at the foundation around the building or structure to the highest part of the building/structure or to the average level of the highest gable or slope of a hip roof. Where add on structures exceed 35 feet in height, the add on structure shall be setback from all property lines at least 1/2 the height of the add on structure. The height of the add on structure shall be measured from the average finish grade at the foundation. Add on structures, for purposes of this subsection, means spaces not used by persons whether for living, working, sleeping, eating, cooking, recreation, storage or a combination thereof. Examples of add on structures are chimneys, decorative cupolas, or antennae. Chimneys are excluded from the 1/2 the height setback described above.
E.
Percentage of lot coverage.
(1)
In the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District, all uses on a lot which include, but are not limited to: buildings, structures, driveways, parking areas, gravel areas, walks, patios, storage areas, impermeable surfaces, etc. shall not cover more than 70% of the lot. Natural areas such as landscaping, gardens, lawns, etc. are not regulated within the lot coverage.
(2)
Lot coverage can be increased by an additional 20% (up to a maximum of 90%) only if all lot coverage above 70% is in semi-permeable pavement such as, brick, cobblestone, stone or concrete pavers. Each paver shall not be larger than two square feet and shall not be cemented in place. The purpose of this bonus is to encourage removal of impervious blacktop or concrete and replace it with attractive, semi-permeable paving which improves the environment and appearance of the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area.
F.
Parking and driveways.
(1)
General requirements.
(a)
The following uses shall not require any off-street parking spaces:
(b)
As long as the above uses are independent businesses, more than one of the above qualified uses can occupy a property and be individually exempt from the Parking requirements stated in this section. Once one of the above uses exceeds one of the above thresholds, the full parking requirement below shall apply for that use. For example, a sixteen-seat restaurant would not require any parking spaces, but a seventeen-seat restaurant would require six parking spaces.
(c)
All other uses not listed above shall require off-street parking spaces in accordance with the following table (Fractional numbers shall be rounded up):
Use | Number of Parking Spaces Required |
|---|---|
Aquaculture | 0 |
Auto Repair | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Boat Repair | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Business Apartments | 1 per apartment |
By-Right Bed-and-Breakfast | 1 per 2 lodging rooms |
Educational Uses (more than 10 students) | 1 per 2,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Fire District Uses | 0.5 per max. number of employees per shift |
Funeral Homes | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Garages, Sheds, Storage bldgs. | 0 |
Gardens | 0 |
Gas Stations | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Limited Production of Goods | 1 per 1,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Medical Offices | 1 per 1,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Municipal Uses | 0.5 per max. number of employees per shift |
Museums, art galleries, libraries | 1 per 2,000 s.f. of building |
Place of Worship | 1 per 10 seats/occupants |
Professional or Business Offices | 1 per 1,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Real Estate Signs | 0 |
Recreational Uses | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Restaurants | 1 per 3 seats over 16 seats |
Retail Sales | 1 per 1,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Retail Services | 1 per 1,000 s.f. of bldg. |
Senior Residential Services | 1 per max. number of employees per shift |
Social Clubs | 1.5 per max. number of emp. per shift |
Storage of Boats and Accessories | 0 |
Wireless Communication Sites | 0 |
(d)
The number of off-street parking spaces required may be reduced at a rate of one space per each contiguous 17 feet of the lot frontage that is lawfully available for parking.
(e)
A Special Permit may be issued by the Planning Board to reduce the number of parking spaces required, by up to 1/2. The applicant shall demonstrate through the submission of a parking plan that the full number of parking spaces as required by the provisions of Article 24 can be accommodated on site. The Planning Board may reduce the required number of parking spaces if any one of the following apply:
[1]
The parking spaces could be built on-site but the proposed use is such that it can be demonstrated that the full number is not needed, and the area devoted to such parking space area will be kept as landscaped space.
[2]
The mix of uses are such that parking demand is at different times.
[3]
The reduction in spaces will minimize stormwater runoff in an area experiencing flooding or water quality deterioration.
[4]
The reduction in spaces will benefit the neighborhood by providing additional green space as a buffer to nearby homes and would reduce the impacts of parking vehicles.
(f)
In granting the Special Permit, the Planning Board shall find that the proposed reduction in parking spaces will not contribute to congestion in the neighborhood, and may add Conditions to protect the neighborhood and ensure that the above reasons to grant the Special Permit are followed.
(2)
Standards for parking facilities of four or less parking spaces. Parking facilities with four or less parking spaces in accordance with Subsection F(1) above are exempt from the requirements of Article 24 but shall meet the following requirements:
(a)
Each parking space shall be at least 17 feet long by nine feet wide.
(b)
Driveways and parking areas shall consist of an improved and graded surface, such as but not limited to gravel, cobblestone, brick, asphalt or concrete. If driveways are improved with loose material such as gravel or shell, a firm driveway apron of non-loose material shall be provided from the edge of the road to within five feet inside of the property.
(c)
The maximum width of driveways/parking spaces at and to a point five feet from the street line shall be 20 feet.
(d)
Parking facilities shall be setback at least two feet from perimeter lot lines. This perimeter lot line setback shall not apply to the lot lines that common driveways cross.
(3)
G.
Lighting.
(1)
All artificial lighting located in the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District shall not contribute to light pollution or create a nuisance as a result of glare onto streets or abutting property. Lighting units shall not be located higher than 14 feet.
(2)
All light sources shall be shielded from above and the light source directed downward to illuminate only the premises. Exception to this downward shielding requirement is allowed for historical styles which complement the Bliss Corner/Dartmouth Street area.
H.
Architectural appearance of buildings.
(1)
Buildings under 500 square feet in total area are exempt from the architectural appearance standards of this § 375-17.4H. Buildings, whether existing or new, located in designated Historic Districts which have architectural review requirements and buildings serving exempt uses under Massachusetts General Law do not need to comply with this subsection. Temporary structures for the storage and repair of boats are exempt from this subsection. A pre-existing, non-conforming structure with respect to these architectural requirements may be expanded, as long as the expansion complies with all other requirements of this bylaw.
(2)
All buildings of 500 square feet or greater area within the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District shall meet the following requirements:
I.
Pedestrian/bicycle improvements. The purpose of requiring pedestrian and bicycle improvements is to encourage non-automotive, alternative means of access within the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District. The densely developed character of the Bliss Corner Mixed Use District adjacent to residential areas lends itself to access by pedestrians and bicyclists. The following improvements shall be required for buildings greater than 2,000 square feet:
[Amended 6-2-2015 ATM by Art. 22, approved 9-3-2015]
(1)
A minimum four-foot wide, concrete sidewalk along the frontage of the lot.
(2)
A landscaped foundation planting on the street side of the building, at least five feet wide, along the entire length of the foundation, except for access to building doors or garage doors.
(3)
Street trees at a spacing of one tree for each 50 feet of frontage.
J.
Utilities. All water, sewer, gas, electric, telephone and other utility services shall be underground.
K.
Trash disposal.
(1)
If an exterior dumpster is used, the following standards apply:
(a)
Dumpsters shall be kept closed and of a design which prevents access by animals and minimizes odors.
(b)
Dumpsters shall be enclosed by solid walls/fences/gate on four sides to a height at least one foot above the dumpster. The bottom of the enclosure shall be of an impervious easily cleaned surface.
(2)
Restaurants which provide food, which can easily be eaten outside or off the premises, shall provide a waste container outside the building readily available for use by customers.
L.
Loading areas. Loading areas can consist of a designated space identified with a sign at least two square feet minimum. The sign shall indicate that the space is for loading only.
M.
Noise limits. Noise levels emanating from air conditioners, fans, vents, loading areas, machinery, or normal operations on the premises (including persons) shall not exceed 60 dba at the lot line. This noise limit does not apply to municipal or fire district public safety alert devices.
N.
Other development standards. If the land is located in one of the following zoning overlay districts, additional development standards may be imposed as set forth in the applicable article of the Zoning By-laws:
Zoning Overlay District | Article of Zoning By-Laws |
|---|---|
Waterfront Overlay District | 26 |
Flood Prone Land District | 27 |
Aquifer Protection District | 28 |
§ 375-17.5 Definitions.
A family shall consist of one or more persons who live together and form a single housekeeping unit. Indications of a single housekeeping unit may consist of but are not limited to shared living spaces, cooking, sanitary facilities, use of utilities or table board. If more than one person, a family shall be limited to one of the groups listed below: